Fluid Meter and Tray Hydraulic Experiment free essay sample

According to Bernoullli’s equation, the slope of a log-log plot of flow rate vs pressure drop was expected to be 0. 5. After much experimentation of different flow rates and the pressure drop that came with these flow rates, the Venturi meter had a slope of 0. 53  ± . 03, and orifice meter data had a slope of 0. 46  ± . 02. The data showed as the water flow rate was increased, the pressure drop also increased, which is in accordance with Bernoulli’s equation. The discharge coefficient is a ratio of the efficiency of the actual discharge of the fluid over the theoretical discharge. The average calculated coefficient of discharge for the Venturi meter was 0. 984  ± 0. 001 and for the orifice meter has an average calculated coefficient of discharge of 0. 540  ± 0. 001. The discharge coefficient should theoretically be 0. 98 for the Venturi meter, and 0. 62 for the orifice meter. The percent error of the discharge coefficient was 0. 046% and 9. 2% for the Venturi and orifice meters, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluid Meter and Tray Hydraulic Experiment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The purpose of the second experiment, the Tray Hydraulics, was to examine the vapor and liquid tray hydraulics parameters for sieve type crossflow distillation trays. Water flow rates were varied in intervals of 15 in. H2O, ranging from 0 to 75 in. of H2O. For each water flow rate, 5 air flow rates were measured from 0. 01 to 0. 95 cm3/s. The pressure drop increased as the water flow rate increased if the air flow rate was held constant, and when the air flow rate was increased with the water flow rate being held constant. The data showed that the percent flooding was a maximum at maximum water flow rate and air flow rate with a value of 10. 3 ±0. Introduction and Theory – William Kwendi This experiment is divided into two sub-experiments, fluid flow meters and tray hydraulics. The purpose of the fluid flow meters experiment was to determine the operating characteristics of the Venturi and orifice meters. The purpose of the tray hydraulics experiment was to study the vapor and liquid tray hydraulics parameters for sieve, or perforated, trays in a distillation column. By performing experiments based on theory and comparing results to literature values, the objectives of this experiment can be achieved. Both the orifice and the Venturi meters produce a restriction in the flow and measure the pressure drop across the meter. The velocity of a fluid is expected to increase as the fluid flows from an open area, to a more constricted area. Assuming incompressible flow, a negligible height change, and steady state, Bernoulli’s equation can be simplified to show the correlation between the volumetric flow rate and the pressure drop. The equation for both meters is as follows: w=Q? =CYA22gc(p1-p2)? 1-? 4 (1) 1 where A2 is the cross-sectional area of the throat, C is the coefficient of discharge (dimensionless), gc is the dimensional constant, Q is the volumetric rate of discharge measured at upstream pressure and temperature, is the weight rate of discharge, p1 and p2 are the pressures at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, respectively, Y is a dimensionless expansion factor, ? is the ratio of the throat diameter to pipe diameter (dimensionless), and ? is the density at upstream pressure and temperature. By measuring the pressure drop across the meters and collecting the fluid leaving the syst em, one can find the discharge coefficients of each meter by using the equation explained above. The discharge coefficient is a ratio of the efficiency of the actual discharge of the fluid over the theoretical discharge. Figure 1: Schematic of Sieve tray showing where vapor flow enters. 2 Figure 1: Schematic of Sieve tray showing where vapor flow enters. 2 The other part of the experiment dealt with examining the vapor and liquid tray parameters for sieve type crossflow distillation trays. A schematic of a sieve tray is shown in Figure 1 (left). In a trayed tower, liquid flows across each tray, over an outlet weir, and into a downcomer, which takes liquid by gravity to the tray below. 2 Gas flows upward through the openings in the sieve tray, bubbling through the liquid on the tray. Depending on the water and air flow rates, spray, froth, emulsion, bubble, and cellular foam flow regimes can occur in a sieve tray. There are four instances that can reduce the operating efficiency of the sieve tray: entrainment flooding, entrainment, weeping, and downflow flooding. Entrainment flooding is where both downflow flooding and entrainment occurs because the ratio of the flow rate of vapor to the flow rate of air is too high. Entrainment is where vapor carries the liquid from one tray to the tray above. This lowers efficiency because liquid from a tray of lower volatility is carried to a tray with higher volatility. Weeping is where the gas pressure drop through the perforations of the sieve tray is not great enough to bubble through the tray, so instead the liquid â€Å"weeps† through the perforations of the tray. Downflow flooding is where a column floods because it cannot handle large quantities of liquid, or if there is too little space between each tray. 1 Figure 2, shown below, shows the operating conditions of the distillation tray. With regards to downflow flooding, the height that this flooding occurs at an actually be calculated. The following equation is solved for the theoretical height of the fluid in the downcomer Figure 2: Shows conditions where tray efficiency decreases and stable operating conditions. 1 Figure 2: Shows conditions where tray efficiency decreases and stable operating conditions. 1 hdc=ht+hw+how+hda+hhg (2)1 where hdc is the clear liquid height in the downcomer, ht is the total pressure drop across the plate, hw is the height of the liquid crest over the weir, had is the head loss due to liquid flow under the downcomer, and hhg is the liquid gradient across the plate. All of these heights are measured in inches. In order to prevent downflow flooding from happening, the space between trays must be increased, or the water flow rate must be decreased. By using the theoretical clear liquid height in the downcomer, calculated above, and the average relative froth density, which relates the liquid density to the froth density, the height of liquid and froth in the downcomer can be calculated. hdc=hdc? dc(3)1 where h’dc is the height of liquid and froth in the downcomer (inches), and ? c is the average froth density (dimensionless). The total pressure drop across a place, or tray, is defined by the following equation: ht=hd+hL (4)1 where ht is the total pressure across the plate, hd is the pressure drop across the dispersion unit, and h’L is the pressure drop through aerated mass over and around the disperser. The units of all of these variables are in mm, or inches, of liquid. Ht is important because it is a term used in the calculation of the aeration factor. The aeration factor equation is as follows: ? =ht-hhhw-how (5)1 here all of the heights have the units of inches of water, hh is the dry tray pressure drop, hw is the height of the weir, and how is the height of liquid and froth over the weir. As the height of the liquid and froth increases, the pressure drop is also expected to increase because pressure in a distillation usually increases with height, relatively speaking. The aeration factor is used because the height of the liquid on top of the tray may not entirely be clear because of the amount of froth on top of the liquid and this factor relates the height of the froth to the identical clear liquid height. Apparatus and Operating Procedures – Khanh Ho Part A: Fluid Flow The apparatus consisted of a holding tank, a pump, a set of pipes Type L drawn copper tubing of four differing-nominal sizes (1, 3/4, 1/2, and 3/8), an orifice flow meter, a venturi flow meter, a manometer, a visual observation tank, and controlling valves. A standard venturi meter consists of a converging cone to create the acceleration in the fluid. There are pressure taps attached to the upstream side of the cone or entrance of 1. 025 diameter and the throat of 0. 625. The orifice meter of 0. 25 diameter consists of a flat thin orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. Similarly, there is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. The manometer contains flexible rubber hoses attached to pressure taps at the entrance and exiting of both orifice and venture meters, which allows measuring the pressure drop through each meter. Diagram of experimental system is shown in Figu re 3. Figure 3: Diagram of Fluid Flow System and Flow Path of Water3 Before beginning, all air bubbles were removed from the piping lines by following the given procedure in the laboratory manual. Then, the vertical tank was filled to eleven gallons of water. The valves V1, V3, V4 and V5 were closed for the entire experiment. Valve V2 was used to control the discharged water from the piping system. All of other valves were open in order to have a maximum flow through orifice and venturi meters. There are flexible hoses attached to the entrance and exiting of both orifice and venture meters, which allowed measuring the pressure drop through each meter. A bucket was placed under the exit stream of valve V2 with a graduated cylinder to measure the collected water. The pump was then turned on and valve V2 was opened to set a flow rate for the system. The exiting flow rates were varied from 0. 220 to 0. 613lbm/s by adjusting the valve V2. Data was recorded including the pressure drop across the two meters, the water draining out of system, and the collecting time. Part B: Tray Hydraulics In this part of experiment, the air was supplied into the rectangular tray test section (cross-sectional area 15 x 48) of a distillation tower by a centrifugal Chicago Blower Corp. Turbo Pressure Blower (Model B2-5-184). At the same time, water was pumped to the system by the Ingersoll-Rand Centrifugal pump (Model 2 x 1. 5 x 5). Two types of trays are contained in the test section: sieve tray and valve tray. For this particular experiment, stainless-steel sieve tray with thickness of 0. 078 and an active area of 11 ? x 34 ? was evaluated. A sieve tray consists of a large number of 3/16-diameter â€Å"holes† known as perforations drilled on 3/4 triangular pitches which allow the passage of air through the water. Pumped water flows across the tray and over the 2. 0 weir, and falls down a 15 x 4 downcomer into the bottom tray via a 1. clearance. The blower and the pump were powered by the on-off buttons. The water flow rate was varied by adjusting the valve behind the pump until the desired water differential pressure was obtained. This differential pressure of water was measured by an orifice meter of 1. 250 diameter. It was necessary to purge any air in the orifice meter before running the e xperiment. Besides, the flow rate of air was controlled by using the lever on the lower panel. The air differential pressure was obtained via a Pitot-static tube in circular duct of 7 7/8 diameter. From that, the mass flow rate of water would be determined by using the given equation of calibration in the lab manual; the air velocity could be estimated by methods in Perry’s Handbook. To begin the experiment, the water was allowed to fill to a minimum of six inches from the bottom of the tower test section. It was noticed to maintain the six inches height of water during the experiment in order to avoid cavitation. At this point, the pump was started and water was allowed to flow down the apparatus. The experiment was operated with five water flow rate of 0. 050, 0. 074, 0. 093, 0. 109, and 0. 124 ft3/s. A dry run, in which there was no liquid flowing, was also conducted. For each water flowrate and dry run, the experiment was run at 2. 161, 4. 515, 5. 682, 6. 385, and 6. 958 ft3/s for air flowrate. Data was recorded for this part of the experiment including tray pressure drop, height of clear liquid crest over weir, height of liquid at tray entrance, height of froth on the tray, height of liquid and froth leaving tray, height of clear liquid in downcomer, and height of liquid and froth in downcomer. The specifications of measured heights, which were determined by provided yardstick, are shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Diagram of Tray Hydraulic Tower and Specifications of Height Measurements. 3 For safety in the laboratory, eye protection was worn all the time. Water and air were only materials used in this experiment, so there was no harmful toxic hazard. The only concerned hazard was mainly due to the spillage of water from transferring and leaking. To prevent the slipping and falling, the area was kept to be dry by removing water consistently into a nearby drain. Results and Conclusion – Tricia Heitmann In part A of the experiment pressure drops were recorded across a venture meter and across an orifice meter. The amount of water was collected and timed in order to find a flow rate for that particular pressure. A plot of log (flow rate) versus log (pressure drop) was made (Figure 5). Based on Bernoulli’s equation and equation 1 the slope of both lines should be equal to . 5. The slope stems from the square root in the equation. However the slopes of the lines were found to be . 53  ± . 03 for the venturi meter and 0. 46  ± . 02 for the orifice meter. The contribution of a frictional force from the metal pipe and the water would cause the water flow rate to be lower than ideal. The Bernoulli’s equation does not account for this friction. From Figure 5 it can be seen that the correlation coefficients are . 97 for the venturi meter and . 96 for the orifice meter. Since the correlation coefficients are close to one, the Bernoulli’s equation is a good model for the data. From the graph it can be seen that as the pressure drop increases, so does the flow rate. The venturi meter had a smaller pressure drop that than the orifice meter and also deviated more from the predicted . 5 slope. From this analysis it shows that venturi meter is better used at higher flow rates than the ones used during this experiment. The coefficient of discharge can be calculated from equation 1 for both the venturi and orifice meter. For the venturi meter the average calculated coefficient of discharge is 0. 984  ± 0. 001 and for the orifice meter has an average calculated coefficient of discharge of 0. 540  ± 0. 001. The percent error of Cd for the venturi meter is . 046% and 9. 2% error in the Cd of the orifice meter. The venturi meter behaved more ideally than the orifice meter. This is due to the venturi meter gradually constricting flow, rather than having a sudden flow constriction, like the orifice meter has. Because of this sudden constriction water lags at the entrance and does not discharge. For practical purposes it would be wiser to use the Venturi meter because the coefficient of discharge is higher than that of the orifice meter. For part B the pressure drop was plotted against the net airflow rate shown as figure 2. The pressure of water was varied from 15 in H2O to 75 in H2O. A dry run was also performed. As the airflow increases so does the pressure drop. From this plot it can also be seen that as the flow rate of the water is increased the pressure drop also increases. These results mirror what was expected, an increase in pressure drop with and increase in air velocity. Another thing to note from this plot is that as the net air velocity increases, the differences in the water flow rates become less pronounced and harder to distinguish one flow rate from another. A plot of change in pressure versus percent flooding was made. This graph is much like the previous graph. As the percent flooding increases so does the pressure drop and again, as the percent flooding increases the difference between the water pressures become harder to see. The percent flooding was found from a relation found in Perry’s. Figure 7 shows that the apparatus was not in flooding range during operation. It makes sense that the trends of Figure 2 and Figure 3 are similar because the percent flooding is linearly related to net air velocity. Next the aeration factor (beta) was plotted against the net airflow, shown below as figure 8. The solid lines are the calculated values and the individual points are the values that were experimentally found. Both decrease as net air velocity increases. The aeration is found (experimentally) through the height of the liquid and froth leaving the tray. Error can come from the change in the froth height. Although the calculated and measured aeration factors do not match up exactly, the trends are the same. Figure 9 shows ht versus the net airflow rate. Like the previous plot, the calculated values are the solid lines and the experimentally found data are individual points. The trends for the calculated and experimentally found values are not the same. For the calculated values, as the net air velocity increases, the pressure drop increases, but then starts to increase and for the experimental values, as the net air velocity increases, so does the pressure drop. Once ht has been either found/calculated, h’dc, the height of the froth and liquid of the downcomer, can be calculated. Figure 10 shows the relationship of h’dc to the height of liquid and froth in the downcomer and figure 11 shows the relationship of h’dc to the height of clear liquid. H’dc was found from using equation 3. When using this equation, ? dc was assumed to be . 5. This assumption is made based on low viscosity for liquids and low viscosity of the gas. Both water and air have low viscosities, so this assumption is valid. Desired separation will not happen if the h’dc is higher than the tray spacing. The tray spacing for this experiment is 24 inches. While there were two points of the measured that were above the 24 inches, they were at the highest water pressure and the highest two air flow rates. The calculated h’dc values never exceeded the 24 inches. Figure 11: Height of clear liquid vs. net air velocity Figure 11: Height of clear liquid vs. net air velocity Conclusion and Recommendations – Tricia Heitmann The fluid flow part of the experiment overall had relatively low error. This can be stated by the low error in the slopes of the log-log plot (figure 5) and the . 46% error of the coefficient of discharge for the venturi meter. The largest error of this part of the experiment was from the coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter. The coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter had an error of 9. 2 percent. This error can be traced back to the determination of the pressure drop. When the hose that was used for measuring the volumetric flow rate was adjus ted, the pressure drop fluctuated. Because of the fluctuation it was very important to keep the hose steady and at the same level when the pressure drops were read. In the second part of the lab, biggest source of error came from the measured values. This is due the fluctuation of the heights of the froth and the water. References – Alex Long 1. Perry, Robert H. , Don W. Green, and James OHara. Maloney. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Book, 1984. Print. 2. Henley, Ernest J. , J. D. Seader, and D. Keith. Roper. Separation Process Principles. Chichester: John Wiley amp; Sons, 2011. Print. 3. â€Å"Fluid Flow Meters/Tray Hydraulics†. Unit Operations Laboratory Information Sheets, 2013. Appendix A: Raw Data – Alex Long Fluid Flow Meters Table 1: Flow measurements and calculations for multiple combinations of pipes with three trials each Table 2a: Measurements and calculations for a Venturi flow meter. This is an extension of Table 1. Table 2b: Measurements and calculations for a Orifice flow meter. This is an extension of Table 1. Tray Hydraulics Area Calculations: Table 3: Important calculated areas of the column. Dry Run: Table 4: Differential pressure measurements and important calculated values for a dry run with no water flow. Wetted Runs: Table 5: Measured differential pressures and heights for 5 air flow rates at 3 different water flow rates. Table 6: Calculated values for the air flow rates and water flow rates shown in Table 5. Table 7: Additional calculated values for the water flow rates and air flow rates shown in Table 5. Appendix B: Data Plots – Alex Long Fluid Flow Meters Figure 5: A log-log plot of the water mass flow rate vs. the pressure drop in both a Venturi and Orifice meter. Tray Hydraulics Figure 6: A plot of the pressure drop across the sieve tray vs. the air velocity based on the net area for vapor flow. Figure 7: A plot of the pressure drop across the sieve tray vs. the percent of the flood point. Figure 8: A comparison of measured pressure drop across the sieve tray and the pressure drop across the tray calculated according to Perrys 7th Edition Handbook. Both are plotted as functions of net air velocity. Lines represent the calculated values, whereas points represent the measured values. Figure 9: A comparison of the aeration measured aeration factors and the calculated aeration factors. Both are plotted as functions of net air velocity. Lines represent calculated values and points represent measured values. Figure 10: A comparison of the measured height of clear liquid in the owncomer and the calculated headloss under the downcomer apron in terms of inches of water. Both are plotted as functions of net air velocity. Calculated headloss is represented by lines and can be seen to be constant with net air velocity and measured heights are represented by points that vary with net air velocity. Figure 11: A comparison of the height of the liquid and froth in the downcomer and th e calculated downcomer backup in terms of inches of water. Both are plotted as functions of net air velocity. Lines represent calculated downcomer backup and point represent measured heights. Appendix C: Sample Calculations – Alex Long Fluid Flow Meters All sample calculations are based on #Run 1. Pressure drop: Venturi ?PV=PV,in-PV,out*(0. 036lbmin2*144in2ft2) ?PV=4. 25 in H2O-6. 25 in H2O*0. 036lbmin2*144in2ft2 ?PV=0. 072 psi Orifice ?PO=PO,in-PO,out*(0. 036lbmin2*144in2ft2) ?PO=2. 00 in H2O-8. 50 in H2O*0. 036lbmin2*144in2ft2 ?PO=0. 230 psi Volumetric flow rate of water: q=Vt q=2000 mL*0. 00000353ft3mL9. 57 s q=0. 0074ft3s Mass flow rate of water: m= q? m=0. 0074ft3s? 64. 2lbmft3 m=0. 461lbms Water velocity: v=q? 4*D2*144in21ft2 v=0. 0074ft3s? 4*(0. 0854 ft)2*144in21ft2 v=1. 29 ft/s Reynolds number for water flow: Re=? Dv? Re=64. 2lfmft3*0. 0854 ft*1. 9fts0. 000002344lbmft s Re=2. 93*105 Logarithm of the pressure drop for graphical analysis: Venturi log? Pv=log0. 072 psi log? Pv=-1. 1 psi Orifice log? PO=log0. 230 psi log? PO=-0. 63 psi Logarithm of the volumetric flow rate for graphical analysis: logq=log0. 0074ft3s logq=-0. 337ft3s Discharge coefficient Cd: m=q? =CYA22gc? P? 1-? 4 * For venture: Cd= 0. 461lbms 2*(32. 2lbm*fts)*(10. 405lbft2)*(62. 2lbmft3)1-(0. 625in1. 025in)4*1*(0. 0012305ft2) = 0. 981 * For orifice: Cd= 0. 461lbms2*(32. 2lbm*fts)*(10. 405lbft2)*(62. 2lbmft3)1-(0. 625in1. 025in)4*1*(0. 0012305ft2) = 0. 544 Error Considerations for Fluid Flow Pressure Drop: Venturi Pv= ? Pv? Pv,in2*? v,in2+? Pv? Pv,out2*? v,out2 Pv= 1*0. 036lbmin22*. 1252+-1*0. 036lbmin22* . 1252 Pv= . 00002025+0. 00002025 Pv= 0. 0000405 Pv= . 006 psi Orifice Po= ? PO? PO,in2*? O,in2+? PO? PO,out2*? O,out2 Pv= 1*0. 036lbmin22*. 1252+-1*0. 036lbmin22* . 1252 Pv= . 00002025+0. 00002025 Pv= 0. 0000405 Pv= . 006 psi Volumetric flow rate of water: ?q= ? q? V2*? V2*0. 00003532+? q? t2*? t2*0. 00003532 ?q= 1t2*? V2*0. 00003532+qt22*? t2*0. 00003532 ?q= 19. 572*202*0. 00003532 +20009. 5722*. 012*0. 00003532 ?q= 5. 4424*10-9+5. 94734*10-11 ?q= 5. 50181*10-9 ?q= . 00007 ft3/s Mass flow of water: ?m= ? m? q2*? q2+? m 2* 2 ?M= ±V2 2+? 2 2 ?M= ±. 00738 2. 012+62. 42. 00072 ?M= ±2. 198*10-5 ?M= ± 0. 005 lbm/s Water Velocity: ?v= ? v? q2*? q2+? v? D2*? D2 ?v= 1? 4*(D)22*? q2+-2q? 4*D32*? D2 ?v= 1? 4*(1. 025)22*. 000072*1442+-2*. 00738? 4*(1. 025)32*. 0012*1442 ? v=  ± 0. 01 ft/s Reynolds number for water flow: ?Re= ? Re? v2*? v2+? Re 2* 2+? Re? D2*? D2+? Re 2* 2 ? Re= 64. 2*0. 0854 0. 0000023442*. 012+0. 0854 *1. 290. 0000023442*. 12+6. 2*1. 290. 0000023442*8. 3E-52+64. 2*0. 0854*1. 290. 00000234422*. 000000012 ? Re=  ±2. 93*105 Logarithm of the pressure drop for graphical analysis: Venturi ?v= 1/P2*? P2 ?v= 1. 722*. 0062 ?v= . 09 psi Orifice (same equation as Venturi) Logarithm of the volumetric flow rate for graphical analysis: ? v= 1/m2*? m2 ?v= 1/. 4612*. 0052 ?v=  ±. 01 psi Coefficient of discharge: ?Cd= ? Cd? m2*? m2+? Cd? P2*? P2 ?Cd= . 003 Tray Hydraulics Area Calculations: For these calculations all dimensions were given in the experiment assignment sheet. Additionally, all areas are converted into square feet. Net area for vapor flow: Anet for vapor flow =Test section W*Test Section L144in2ft2 Anet for vapor flow =15 in*48 in144in2ft2 Anet for vapor flow =5. 0 ft2 Active area: Aactive=active W*active L144 in2/ft2 Aactive=11. 75 in*34. 5 in144 in2/ft2 Aactive=2. 82 ft2 Downcomer area: Adowncomer=downcomer W*downcomer L144in2ft2 Adowncomer=15 in*4 in144in2ft2 Adowncomer=0. 42 ft2 Area of holes and valves: Aholes and valves=Aactive*Aopen Aholes and valves=2. 82 ft2*0. 057 Aholes and valves=0. 159 ft^2 Total cross-sectional area of tower: ACS=Anet for vapor flow+Adowncomer ACS=5. 0 ft2+0. 42 ft2 ACS=5. 42 ft2 Open area of downcomer apron: ADC apron=downcomer W*downcomer clearance144in2ft2 ADC apron=15 in*1. 5 in144in2ft2 ADC apron=0. 15 ft2 Lab Worksheet Calculations: The following calculations are those specifically requested to be included in the laboratory worksheet by the experiment assignment sheet. Physical property data was obtained from the website Engineeringtoolbox. com. A constant air temperature of 70  °F and a constant water temperature of 65  °F were assumed over the course of all experiments. Liquid water is considered to be incompressible and the density varies inconsequentially over the range of 55 to 75  °F. Physical properties for air vary more significantly, but they do not vary by a significant amount over the likely temperature range of the air in the lab. Finally, all calculations are completed for a differential pressure measurement for air of 0. 095 in. H2O and a differential pressure measurement for water of 75 in. H2O. Maximum air velocity: vmax=2*gc*dPair*? w? a*1ft12in vmax=2*32. 17lbm fts2 lbf *0. 095 in H2O*62. 275 lbm/ft30. 07495 lbm/ft3*1ft12in vmax=20. 6 ft/s Reynolds number for air: Re=? a*Dair valve*vmax? a Re=0. 07495lbmft3*7. 875in*1ft12in*20. 6 ft/s1. 225*10-5lbmft s Re=82600 Average air velocity: vavg=vmax2 vavg=20. 6 ft/s2 vavg=10. 3 ft/s Mass flow rate of water: m=dPw1. 2178*10-611. 7525 m=75 in H2O1. 2178*10-611. 7525 m=27800lbmh Volumetric flow rate of air: qair=vmax*Dair valve12inft*? 4 qair=20. 6fts*7. 875 in12inft2*3. 141594 qair=6. 96 ft3/s Volumetric flow rate of water: qwater=m3600*? w qwater=27800lbmh3600*62. 275 lbm/ft3 qwater=0. 124ft3s Net Air velocity: vnet=qairAnet for vapor flow vnet=6. 96 ft3/s5. 0 ft2 vnet=1. 39 ft/s Ratio defined in the experiment assignment sheet which will be designated FLG (as defined in Perry’s): FLG=qwaterqair? a? w FLG=0. 124 ft3/s6. 96 ft3/s0. 07495 lbm/ft362. 275 lbm/ft3 FLG=0. 001 Capacity parameter: Csbf=0. 0105+8. 127*10-4*Tray spacing*25. 40. 755*e1. 463*FLG0. 842 Csbf=0. 0105+8. 27*10-4*24 in*25. 40. 755*e1. 463*0. 0010. 842 Csbf=0. 113ms Net air velocity at the flooding point (? is the surface tension and the value is from the website listed at the beginning of this section): Unf=Csbf*? 200. 2*? w-? a? a*3. 281 ft/m Unf=0. 113ms*62. 275lbmft3-0. 07495lbmft3 0. 07495lbmft3*3. 281ftm Unf=13. 6fts Percent flooding: %Flood=vnetUnf*100% %Flood=1. 39fts13. 6fts *100% %Flood=10. 3% Additional Calculations for Comparison from Perry’s Handbook: These additional calculations were not specifically asked for in the experiment assignment sheet, but they are needed for many of the requested plots. They generally are used to provide a literature comparison for our experimental findings. As above, all calculations are completed for a differential pressure measurement for air of 0. 095 in. H2O and a differential pressure measurement for water of 75 in. H2O. Linear gas velocity based on net area: Un=qairAholes and valves*1m3. 281ft Un=6. 96ft3s0. 159 ft2*1m3. 281ft Un=13. 3ms Constant used to calculated K2: Cv=0. 74*Aholes and valvesAactive+e0. 29*Tray thicknessDhole-0. 56 Cv=0. 74*0. 159 ft22. 82 ft2+e0. 29*0. 416 in0. 1875 in-0. 56 Cv=0. 686 Constant K2 used to calculate the pressure drop across the sieve tray: K2=50. 8Cv2 K2=50. 80. 862 K2=108 Pressure drop across the sieve tray: hd=K1+K2*? a? w*Un2*1 mm25. 4 in hd=0+108*0. 07495 lbm/ft362. 275 lbm/ft3*(13. 3 m/s)2*1 mm25. 4 in hd=0. 907 in F-factor for flow through holes: Fch=Un*? air Fch=13. 3 m/s*1. 20 kg/m3 Fch=14. 6mskgm30. 5 Calculated aeration factor: ?calc=0. 0825*lnqwaterLweir-0. 269*lnFch+1. 679 ?calc=0. 0825*ln0. 124 ft3s*1m3(3. 281ft)315in*1ft12in*1m3. 281ft-0. 269*ln14. 6+1. 679 ? calc=0. 571 Measured aeration factor (here hh is the dP in the dry bed. The given denominator term is hw + how, weir height + height over weir which has been equivalated to the height of the liquid and froth leaving the tray): ? eas=dPtray-hhhliq and froth leaving tray ?meas=5. 6 in H2O-3. 8 in H2O4. 75 in H2O ?meas=0. 379 Height over the weir: how=664qwater2/3Lweir25. 4in1mm how=6640. 124ft3s*1m3(3. 281ft)32/315in*1ft12in*1m3. 281ft25. 4in1mm how=1. 12 in H2O Calculated height of clear liquid over dispersers (hhg is the hydraulic gradient and is assumed to be negligible): hds=how+hw+hhg hds=1. 12 in H2O+2 in+0 hds=3. 12 in Pressure drop through aerated liquid: hL=? meas*hds hL=0. 379*3. 12 in hL=1. 18 in Calculated total pressure drop across the sieve tray: ht calc=hL+hd ht calc=1. 18 in+0. 907 in ht calc=2. 09 in Headloss under the downcomer apron: hda=qwater2ADC apron hda=165. 2*0. 124ft3s0. 156 ft2 hda=16. 3 in Downcomer backup in terms of equivalent clear liquid: hdc=ht calc+hw+how+hda+hhg hdc=2. 09 in+2 in+1. 12 in+16. 3 in+0 hdc=21. 5 in Corrected downcomer backup (? dc is equal to 0. 5 according to Perry’s because of the rapid bubble rise of the system): hdc=hdc? dc hdc=21. 5 in0. 5 hdc=43. 0 in Error Considerations for Tray Hydraulics: In the second day of lab, the experiment will be repeated at each set of flowrates. Using these trials, error in the measurments will be estimated from the standard deviation: ? 1Ni=1Nxi-xavg2 This error will then be propagated through all calculations using the propagation of error: ? f=? f? x2*? x2+? f? y2*? y2+? f? y2*? y2+†¦ For this preliminary experiment, an error in the measurements was assumed based on the smallest resolution of the measuring device. In the case of measuring heights, the measuring device was a ruler that could measure to 1/8th of an inch. Thus the error in all height measurements is assumed to be 0. 125 inches. Each differential pressure gauge had a different resolution. For tray pressure drop the error is assumed to be 0. 2 in H2O. For the differential pressure of the air the error is assumed to be 0. 005 in H2O. Finally, for the differential pressure of the water the error is assumed to be 1 in H2O. Maximum air velocity: ?Vmax, air= ? Vmax air? P2*? P2+? Vmax air w2* w2+? Cd a2*? a2 ? Vmax, air= ± . 009 ft/s Reynolds number for air: Please see above Reynolds number in fluid flow Average air velocity: ?V, air= ? Vair? m2*? m2+? Cd? P2*? P2 ?V, air=  ± 0. 0004 ft/s Mass flow rate of water: ?m= ? m? P2*? P2 ?m=  ± 1 lbm/s Volumetric flow rate of air: ?V,air= ? V? D2*? D2 ?V, air=  ± 0. 003 ft3/s Volumetric flow rate of water: ?V,water= ? V,water? m2*? m2 ?V, water=  ± 0. 0003 ft3/s Net Air velocity: See velocity in fluid flow Ratio defined in the experiment assignment sheet which will be designated FLG (as defined in Perry’s): ? F= ? F? qw2*? qw2+? F? qa2*? qa2 ?F=  ± 3*10-7 Capacity parameter: ?Csbf= ? Csbf? FGL2*? FGL2 ?Csbf=  ± 1*10-7 m/s Net air velocity at the flooding point (? is the surface tension and the value is from the website listed at the beginning of this section): ? Unf= ? Unf? Csbf2*? Csbf2 ?Unf=  ± 1*10-5 ft/s Percent flooding: ?%F= ? %F? vnet2*? vnet2+? %F? Unf2*? Unf2 ?V, air=  ± 1*10-3 % Linear gas velocity based on net area: Un= ? Un? q2*? q2+? Un? a2*? A2 ?Un=  ± 0. 002 m/s Pressure drop across the sieve tray: ?hd= ? hd? Un2*? Un2 ?hda=  ± 0. 0003 in F-factor for flow through holes: ?Fch= ? Fch? Un2*? Un2 ?Fch=  ± 0. 00010 mskgm30. 5 Calculated aeration factor: calc= cal? Fch2*? Fch2 calc=  ± 0. 02 Measured aeration factor (here hh is the dP in the dry bed. The given denominator term is hw + how, weir height + height over weir which has been equivalated to the height of the liquid and froth leaving the tray): ,M= ,M? dP2*? dP2+ ,M? hh2*? hh2+ ,M? lf2*? lf2 meas=  ± 0. 06 Height over the weir: ?how= ? how? water2*? qwater2+ ,M? Lweir2*? Lweir2 ?how=  ± 2*10-5 in H2O Calculated height of clear liquid over dispersers (hhg is the hydraulic gradient and is assumed to be negligible): ? hds= ? hds? how2*? how2+? hds? hw2*? hw2+? hds? hg2*? hg2 ? hds=  ± 2*10-5 in Pressure drop through aerated liquid: ? hL= ? hL m2* m2+? hL? hds2*? hds2 ?hL=  ± 0. 02 in Calculated total pressure drop across the sieve tray: ?htc= ? htc? hL2*? hL2+? htc? hd2*? hd2 ?htc=  ± 0. 02 in Headloss under the downcomer apron: ?hda= ? hda? q2*? q2+? hda? Adc2*? Adc2 ?hda=  ± 0. 06 Downcomer backup in terms of equivalent clear liquid:

This is a brief introduction into my R.E coursework, which is based upon religious programmes in the media Essay Example

This is a brief introduction into my R.E coursework, which is based upon religious programmes in the media Essay Example This is a brief introduction into my R.E coursework, which is based upon religious programmes in the media Essay This is a brief introduction into my R.E coursework, which is based upon religious programmes in the media Essay Since religious programmes started broadcasting on the television in 1946, many peoples knowledge about other faiths other than their own, have grown. This is due to the fact that there is a vast majority of viewers tuning into these programmes shown on the television, which are usually shown on the television on a Sunday morning or afternoon. They are usually aired at this time because many older people are unable to get access to their local church so they watch these programmes instead. These series of programmes are called the God slot.Many other religions show programmes to do with their faith if there is a religious occasion, but it is mainly Christian programmes about the church and issues concerning the world.Most religious programmes give the viewers either a positive or negative impression towards their religion. This often influences younger viewers against the idea of religion, if they see the church as a dull and place which only old people go to. Some programmes give th e viewers this impression, but now there are many programmes in which they show the church in a much brighter and more enjoyable place to be. They show many programmes during Christian festivals (Christmas and Easter) that show the church as a fun and enjoyable place, which they hope, will influence younger viewers and increase the number of people attending the festivals in churches. This tactic is also used for other religions such as Hinduism and Judaism when they have important festivals up coming such as Deepawali and The Passover. This is quite a useful way of broadcasting other religions and showing to the viewers that the programmes on the television concerning religion are not biased.I have concluded that if comedy is added to religious programmes, this will increase the number of younger viewers. This is because they will find the church much more than a chore or a place of no fun with loads of old people, but of a place that makes religion enjoyable and fun for others.Rel igious DocumentariesIntroductionIn our previous R.E lesson, we watched two videos that was to teach people from other religions about the Muslim ways of life and about a course that could make people that are not very religious, into religious people. These types of religious programmes are called religious documentaries. There are many other categories of religious programmes other than documentaries, and here are a few of them:* Worship* Magazine* Animation* MusicHere is a chart that states whether these religious programmes are documentary, worship, magazine, animation or music.Name of ProgrammeChannelBroadcast timeLengthCategoryThe Heaven and Earth ShowBBC 110.00 am1 hourMagazineThe Beginners BibleChannel 58.00 am1/2 hourAnimationSunday MorningITV111.00 am1 hourMagazineMy Favourite HymnsITV110.30 am1/2 hourMusicThe Belief FileThe programme about the Muslim faith was called the Belief File. This is on BBC 1 around 2am to 6am for 1 hour on a Sunday morning and this is classified a s a documentary.The people in this documentary about the Muslim faith, where young Muslims explaining about their religion and answering the questions put forward by the couple of children that where learning about the Muslim faith. They mentioned the 5 pillars of Islam and how a Muslim prepares themselves in their special way for their daily prayers.I cannot recall any music being used in this presentation, but there was some prayers being read out and that sounded musical.The audience was our class and they were watching the video and taking down notes on what they were seeing about the Muslim faith. After watching the video our teacher asked us what we had thought about the video that we watched and had a class discussion.The pace of the programme was quite steady; they repeated a couple of the words twice so the audience could understand the pronunciation of the words. They did use subtitles for these words so the viewers knew how they were spelt.I think that the target audience was younger viewers. I think that they want to give younger viewers a well-balanced look towards religion in the world and so that they do not think that there is only one religion dominating the world. They want them to know that they live in a multi-cultural society.I do not think that this programme was very enjoyable, even though I thought that it taught very well about Islam.I think that some people might have not liked the fact that it is on in the early hours of the morning and that there was no background music.It was what I had expected from a religious point of view, as it taught people about the Islamic faith and their ways of life very well.I think that it was a good representation of the Islamic religion as it out lined the most important things in a Muslims life.I think that aim of the documentary was to teach younger viewers about the many religions in the world and I think that they might have succeeded in this.I do not think that they have taught the viewers very i nterestingly in this programme.ConclusionI think that this programme was good in terms of teaching the Muslim faith but was rather dull. Most of my classmates thought that as well.Alpha-Will it change their lives?The programme about the Alpha course was called Alpha-Will it change their lives? This is on ITV late at night for 1 hour. This programme is classified as a documentary.This programme was based on the Alpha course, in which many people that are not religious go along to meetings and discussions, which teach them about Christianity and bring them, closer to God. We watched a clip of the programme where a taxi drivers wife had been going to these classes and then he decided to join also. He says it completely changed my life and he also said he is in touch with the Holy Sprit.There was no music involved with the clips of the programme we watched and was no audience participation at all.The pace was quite moderate as they got through I think 4 or 5 people in a 1-hour episode. As I only saw 1 clip, I cannot comment on the structure of the programme.I think that the target audience of this programme was none religious people. This is because they were trying to introduce what the Alpha course is about and there would be no point showing it to religious people, as they are already aware of their religion, instead it is aimed at those less religious people.There was nothing at all enjoyable in this programme and I didnt expect it to be anyway.I think that some people might not like the programme because was trying to make people turn into religious people and many none religious people might frown upon some course trying to change their lives.The programme was not what I had expected. This is because I thought that it would be a bit more fun as they are trying to make people join this Alpha course and it was actually a boring programme, from what I saw anyway.I think that it was not great representation of the religion, but was okay. It showed how the cours e changed peoples lives, but it was rather dull too.I think that the aim of this documentary was to turn people that are not particularly religious, into religious people.I am not sure if the aims were met as I only watched a bit of it, but I would guess that did meet the aims they had set themselves.It didnt teach interestingly also and that is the sole reason why I did not particularly like this programme.ConclusionI think that this programme was very dull and most of my classmates thought that as well.A Religious Magazine ProgrammeIntroductionIn our previous R.E lesson, we watched two videos that were both religious magazine programmes. One was called The Heaven and Earth show and the other was called Sunday Morning. They are both shown at 10am on a Sunday morning and they both last 1-hour. The Heaven and Earth show is shown on BBC 1 and Sunday Morning is shown on ITV. I am now going to analyse the two magazine programmes.The Heaven and Earth showThere were two presenters, who we re joined by guests, on each separate topic that was being discussed.There was not much music being added to the background in this programme, but there was some music at the beginning of the programme and when they were showing the viewers what issues they were going to discuss in the programme.There was some audience participation, as they had a phone in, where the viewers had their say on the issues being discussed and there was also an email address, so viewers could email them instead of phoning in if they preferred.The pace of the programme was quite slow and they had quite a lot to say, which might have made it quite boring for younger viewers.I think that the programme wasnt structured that well. They might have interested the older people, but they might have put the younger people off, as they didnt have particularly interesting topics. But they did have a quite good issue at the end, which might have pleased the younger people, if they were still watching, which was when the Reverend went to a dating agency. Although they did cover four different topics well.In this programme, they were discussing many different issues. They were discussing:* War and Afghanistan* Stardom* Dreams* Reverends and dating agenciesOn the discussion panels about the war and Afghanistan, there was John Torode, from the Daily Mail and Dr Scilla Elworthy. In the interview on stardom was David Essex, talking about his music career and about when he played Jesus in a play, and how he was publicly criticised as people were saying that he wasnt religious. In the conversation on dreams, was Helen McLean. This was also when there was a phone in, where people discussed their dreams and what they could possible mean. Lastly, there was their Reverend, and how she went to a dating agency and when she met many different people.There was not much religion mentioned in the programme. There was a bit religion coming into the Reverend and the dating agency and when they were talking about W ar in Afghanistan, but that was it. It was not what I had expected, I thought they were going to discuss more religious issues.ConclusionI thought that this programme was not that bad as I enjoyed the part at the end when the Reverend went to the dating agency. Before that, the programme was not that interesting and me and other classmates found the last bit to be the best bit.Sunday MorningIn this programme there was also two presenters, who were joined by guests, on each separate topic that was being discussed.There was more music in this programme than in the previous programme. They had some at the beginning and when they showed the topics that they were going to discuss, but they also had a band singing in the studio called Shine. This band is a girl band that brings up religion in their songs.There was also some audience participation in this programme, but this had an agony aunt in the studio.The pace of the programme was also slow like the previous programme.The programme st ructure was a bit 50/50, as they might have interested younger viewers with the music at the beginning, but might have made the older people that this wasnt a programme about religion and could put them off the programme.They were discussing a second marriage for divorced people and how hard it is to find a church to marry them. They had a discussion with the girl band and why they are singing songs that have a link to religion and God. They had a chat with Terry Waite, who had been a hostage and also had the agony aunt at the end.There was more religion in this programme than the previous, and it was all about Christianity.It was a bit of what I expected, but I thought that they might have had a multifaith conversation, which they didnt.ConclusionI think that this programme was very dull! It started off well with a girl band singing in the studio but the programme became quite a bore really. Im almost certain that all of my classmates hated the Sunday Morning show and preferred the Heaven and Earth Show.A Religious Worship ProgrammeIntroductionIn our previous R.E lesson, we watched a religious worship that is called Songs of Praise. This is shown at 5.20pm on Sunday, on BBC1. This last for approximately 35 minutes. I was not in the lesson when the rest of the class viewed this particular episode, so I have had to watch it in my own time and therefore seen a different episode to the rest of my class.In this programme the presenter, Pam Rhodes, was talking to people and discussing stuff such as great British musician, Elger, Christian unity in the Cathedral in Worchester, 5000 books in the church written by monks, 2 local men taking part in a rowing tournament and Terrorism in the world today. The members and choir of the church also sang about 7 hymns in the course of the programme.In this programme, there was a few people being interviewed and the rest of the people involved were the choir and the people singing the hymns in the church.There was quite a lot o f music in this programme. At the beginning there was some and there was a lot of hymns being sung.The audience for this programme was the church and the people watching the programme on the television.The pace of the programme was quite quick, and they covered about 5 topics on the show.I think that the target audience of this programme was likely to be older religious people as it had many older people singing in the church and in the choir. I think that they focus on these people as some older people might not be able to get to church and would rather watch the hymns on the television. This might be why they had the lyrics for all the hymns sung.I do not think that this programme was interesting or enjoyable at all! It was all about people singing in the church and I found this very boring.I think that some people might not like this programme and think that it was not fashionable because it was more for the older people that couldnt get to the church in time for the hymns. I als o think that some people might not have liked this programme because it was rather old fashioned, they talked a lot about the past and history of the city Worchester.I think that this programme was quite good in representing the Christian religion and was better in terms of religious output than the previous programmes in the other sections. They had the church in it a lot, they had hymns and they had history about religious people.I think that that most religious Christians would have liked this programme very much as they had lots of hymns being sung and they talk about many religious issues in the world today as well as in the past. For example, when they were talking about the terrorism, one man said that they should not be killing innocent Afghans, but they should kill Satan himself .The people talking about their separate issues were not particularly mentioning God but I think that when the man was saying, kill Satan himself I think that had a link to God. As God does not w ant people killing one another, but wants them to kill Satan himself by resisting the temptation of bombing Afghanistan. I also think that the people singing the hymns were reaching out to God and praising Him.ConclusionI think that this programme was very boring and although my classmates did not see the episode that I did, but the one that they watched, must surely have been equally as boring and dull.Religion in Soap OperasIntroductionIn our previous R.E lesson, we watched two soap operas. A Soap Opera is a very popular form of television in which sets of characters are followed as they live theyre lives individually and in their community. We watched them to see their religious content. Most Soap Operas tend to base their stories on things like abortion, euthanasia, racism, prejudice, homosexuality, theft etc. We watched Brookside, which is shown three times a week at either 8pm or 8:30pm on Channel 4 and Eastenders, which is shown four times a week at either 7:30m or 8pm on BBC 1.BrooksideAddle, who is 14 years old, has had an abortion. In many religions this is considered to be a sin, as it is considered to be murder. It also interferes with The Sanctity of Life, but in the Hindu faith, this would be okay as they believe in reincarnation. Reincarnation is when you die and then you will keep coming back to earth in another body until you are pure enough to get to Moksha. Moksha is what Hindus believe is heaven.I think that the producer has chosen this topic as it is quite a well-known thing and comes up quite a lot in peoples lives. The relationship between the family members is very brittle. This is because the mum had had a miscarriage and she really wants a baby and her daughter had got pregnant and then had an abortion. The mum is angry with her husband as he drove her to the abortion. Addles brother is very upset about the abortion but the dad seems to be okay about the whole thing.The minister, who comes to talk to Addle and tell her that she will me et her baby in heaven, is dealing with the whole abortion issue quite well and is comforting her although Addle is very stressed. This is when religion is brought into the soap opera.I think that the effect on the viewers must have been quite big, as they must have all thought that she would have kept the baby and that she did not want to commit another sin.In this episode there was quite a bit of religion mentioned as they had the minister coming to talk to Addle. I also think that it was a direct reference to religion.I dont think that there were the opinions two different religions in this episode.The events that occurred in the programme were not faithful to a religious position as she had the abortion and committed another sin, which was sex before marriage, which both the Bible and the Quran say is wrong.I think that soap operas are the best place to deal with these types of issues as they can occur in many peoples lives and in soap operas, they show how to deal with the situa tion. At the end of some soap operas they will have a telephone number at the bottom for people to ring if they have been effected by any of the issues in the episode.ConclusionI myself do not watch much of Brookside, but I think that this episode was quite good and mot of my classmates had varied expressions on the episode.EastendersFrank, who is married to Peggy and Pat, who is married to Roy commit adultery. This is forbidden in possible every religion known and many people that arent very religious also think that this is morally wrong. In the Ten Commandments it says, Do not commit adultery and also the Quran says, Resist temptation, permissiveness and adultery is wrong . But they can not resist the temptation and commit adultery. In this episode, Peggy and Roy discover Frank and Pat and then Frank runs away.I think that the producer has chosen this topic, as it is the most well known issue to occur in peoples lives today.The end result of this was that Peggy and Roy found o ut what was happening and therefore Peggy breaking up with Frank and Roy breaking up with Roy, although they both got back together again. It ended with them being found out, Frank running away and Roy eventually forgiving Pat.This must have come to be a big shock for the viewers, as Pat and Frank broke up and had moved on, but they renew their love once again.I think that what happened was not religious and that there was no religion what so ever mentioned in it. They did not think about the sins that they were committing, but more about what they were going to do if they were found out!I do not think that the episode was faithful towards any religion as they had done what every religion tells you not to do, which is commit adultery.I think that religion could have easily been brought into this episode, with a friend who knows what is going on stopping them or referring them to a minister or something like that.Once again I think that soap operas are the right place to deal with th ese situations. I think this because many people watch Eastenders and if they see the things that are happening and if they are happening to them or friends then they will know how to handle the situation.ConclusionI watch a lot of Eastenders and myself and my classmates enjoyed the episode as they have Peggy and Roy finding out what Frank and Pat have been getting up to.How a religious/moral issue isDealt with in a drama/filmIntroductionVery often, even if a film or drama is not a specifically religious film or drama, religious and moral issues are part of the story line. Issues such as abortion, racism, sexism, euthanasia, adultery, etc.Four weddings and a funeralIn this film, the issues being looked at are, immorality, marriage and living in sin. These issues are all religious, as they are all going against what is written in the Bible.Marriage is not going against what is written in the Bible, but in this film, a man is about to get married to a women that he does not love, whic h is not considered to be right in the Bible. He then does what would be considered to be the right thing in the eyes of God, when he tells the woman that he does not want to marry her, as he loves someone else. This was the right thing to do as in the vows that they take, they are suppose to spend the rest of their life together, not to keep secrets from each other and to love and cherish each other, etc.Immorality comes into this film when the woman is talking to the man about how many people she has slept with and it actually came up to about 30!Living in sin comes into this film when at the end when the man has told the woman that he was going to marry, that he does not want to marry her, he asks the woman that he loves to live with him. She accepts and then they live in sin together.I am not sure that these issues will have a massive effect on the characters themselves, as it vastly depends on whether they are very religious, not partly religious or not religious at all.If ther e was religious viewers watching this film, then they would not be pleased with the sins being committed, but would probably be pleased when the man tells the woman that he does not want to marry her, as it was the right thing to do in the eyes of God.Religion says that immorality and living in sin are both wrong and are sins. In the Ten Commandments it says, Do not commit adultery and also the Quran says, Resist temptation, permissiveness and adultery is wrong.ConclusionI think that this film was a great success and did cover the religious aspects of the film particularly well because there was a lot of sins being committed in the film, and I feel they did make the religious viewers understand that it was part of the film story line.The Vicar of DibleyThe episode of The Vicar of Dibley that we watched during class was the first episode ever. This religious drama is shown on BBC 1 or 2. The religious issues being discussed in this episode is to do with sexism and discrimination. Thi s religious issue as it is to do with the church ministers being sexist towards the new vicar who is a woman. The church has often been accused of being sexist and this is being fully exploited in this episode. The Bible also says that discrimination is wrong, its says to treat all equally.In this episode, the village of Dibley was awaiting the arrival of theyre new vicar after the death of their previous vicar. Then the new vicar arrives and the are all shocked to find that the replacement of their previous vicar is a woman.The fact that the replacement vicar was a woman shocked the village people and could had great impact on the viewers that are religious and were watching this episode. They might not have expected a woman vicar and still many religious Christians could not accept a woman vicar, although the Church of England, Protestant and other churches, except for the Roman Catholic churches say that is ok to have a women vicar.ConclusionI think that this programme shares the views of many religious people on a woman being a vicar but still is considered to be sexism and discrimination in the eyes of God and many other non-religious people. Some may argue that Jesus did not have any female disciples, but at that time if he did have woman disciples, he and them would have probably been killed. But Jesus did have a vast amount of woman followers and he also treated them equally.Does television always presents religious people as being out of touch with the modern world?IntroductionI am going to look at examples and evidence from both sides to come to a conclusion on whether religious people in television programmes are in touch or out of touch with the modern world. When we say this person is in touch this means that they are aware of the current affairs in the world and in terms of television, music, sport, etc. A person that is out touch with the modern world is a person that does not know much about the current affairs in the world and dont know much a bout television, music, sport, etc.The Simpsons Marge SimpsonMy first example of a character that is in touch with the modern world is a character in an animation called The Simpsons who is called Marge. She is a religious person and I will be analysing this religious character to decide whether she is in or out of touch with the modern world. Marge Simpson is one of those religious people that know about the world and I would say she is in touch with the modern world. She not like most religious people on the television, she is popular, knows about the modern world in the terms of music and television, she has reasonable answers to peoples questions that keep them happy. In a paper article I saw in class the writer, has included quotes from people saying that Marge is my candidate for saint-hood. She is a forgiving, loving person, absolutely saintly. Another quote was that, they actually speak to God. The producer probably had an idea that The Simpsons should be rather a hell rais ing family, but instead people are praising them for being very religious.Peak PracticeMy second example of a character that is in touch with the modern world is the new vicar in Peak Practice. I think that this vicar is not what you would call a stereotypical vicar. From the moment I saw the vicar, I didnt believe that he was a vicar. Most vicars you would see would be dressed like a normal old-fashioned vicar. Although this vicar was still wearing his dog collar, he was wearing jeans and a red jumper over his it and you would not have known he was a vicar if you met him on the street. I think that he is in touch because for one, he went to the pub for the quiz night, and at the quiz night, he knew the answers to all the questions to do with sport, films and music. An old woman had also questioned him in the pub about him drinking and he replied, even Jesus had a drink once in a while. He had previously asked six local lads, if he organised a church football team, if they would pla y.Vicar of DibleyMy third example of a character in a television programme that is in touch with the modern world is the women vicar in the Vicar of Dibley who is called Geraldean. She is the type of vicar that most people in the 21st Century would love to have as their vicar. I think that she is in touch with the modern world because she is a fun, loose type of woman and she also is aware of many things in the world in terms of films, television and music. She even has a picture of an actor next to her picture of Jesus in her bedroom!The Heaven and Earth ShowMy fourth example of a character that is in touch with the modern world is the women vicar from The Heaven and Earth Show. She is similar to the women vicar in the Vicar of Dibley. She is a loose type of person and she is not particularly a stereotypical vicar. As seen in this episode, she was going to a dating agency and taking part in it.Alpha Will it change their lives?This is my first example of a person in a television pr ogramme that I think is out of touch with the modern world. His name is Reverend Doctor Steven Shakespeare from a church in Sheffield. We only saw a brief clip of this programme in class, but from what I saw of this Reverend, he seemed to be very dull and boring. He didnt talk about much apart from the Bible, but you could tell from the way in which he dressed that he was out of touch with the modern world.The Simpsons Reverend LovejoyThis is my second example of a character in an animation, but this time I feel that this character, Revered Lovejoy, is very out of touch with the modern world. He doesnt seem to be aware of what is fun and good in the world and is a very boring character. He bores many of the people that go to the church on a Sunday and when anyone asks him for advise, he doesnt seem to care or no what to say.The Simpsons Ned FlandersThis is my third example of a character in an animation, Ned Flanders, that is very out of touch with the modern world. He is very cau tious on what he or lets his children do, as he thinks that things such as sweets with a devil on the front, are bad for his children. The way he dresses also shows how out of touch and out of fashion he is.Eastenders Dorothy CottonThis is my fourth example of a character in a television programme that is out of touch with the modern world. She is a stereotypical Christian. What I mean by this is that she is always going to church on a Sunday, is very cautious on what she says and does, as she feels that it might have some affect on her religion.ConclusionI have come to a conclusion that there will always be at least one out of touch religious person in a television programme. I think that many in touch religious people are being introduced to television programmes, butthere will always be at least one out of touch person as I think that they are there to show that religion is not all changing because many younger religious people are not being old-fashioned and doing as they pleas e.Overall ConclusionAfter 4 months on studying religion in the media, I have noticed and learnt many different things about how religion is acted by the characters and how it is presented on the television to the audience. Religion is not always the moral of many soap operas, but religion, most of the time, comes up in the story line, even if it was not intended to. There are programmes that are meant to involve religion and revolve around it such as religious documentaries and magazines. Films are most probably where you would least expect religion to be in, but believe or not, it is brought up quite a lot.The actors that are playing the part of a religious person in many cases today are coming across as young, sociable people and there are becoming fewer old fashioned religious people in television programmes.

Business Enivronemnts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Enivronemnts - Essay Example ount of slack or  float  time Fi  available is given by Fi  = Li  - Ei  which is the amount by which we can increase the time taken to complete activity i without changing (increasing) the overall project completion time. Hence, we can form the table below: Activity Li Ei Float Fi A 0 0 0 B 8 4 4 C 9 4 5 D 5 4 1 E 7 4 3 F 4 4 0 G 13 13 0 H 26 26 0 I 34 34 0 J 35 34 1 K 41 41 0 L 49 49 0 M 62 62 0 N 71 71 0 O 75 75 0 P 79 79 0 Q 88 88 0 R 93 93 0 Total Float = 14 (Beasley n.d.). 3) Critical Path and Project Duration: Any activity with a float of zero is critical. Note here that, as a check, all float values should be >= 0. (Beasley n.d.). Hence, the critical path is A-F-G-H-I-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q Total project duration is = 93 days 4) If the project starts on 16/January/2012 with 5 working days in a week and assume that there is no holidays, Total duration of project is 93 days, So we need to calculate the date after 93 working days Assume that 5 working days in a week and there are no holidays. 21/May/2012 will be the date for completion of the project. 5) a) Activity B is delayed 2 days. The delay will have no impact on scheduled path. Activity  has  float  of  4  days  and  can  be delayed for as much as 4 days before any impact can be made on the completion date for the project. b) Activity P is delayed 2 days. Activity is on the critical path with zero float.  A late start of 2 days resulting in an increase in overall project from 93 days to95 days a) Activity 0 is delayed 1 day Delays  succeeding activities by 1 day; overall project extended by 1 day as a result 6) Limitations of Network Diagram: â€Å"Cannot handle all specific problems that arise in each step of the project. Different graphical representations can be made easier in other types of control processes. The... It is evidently clear from the discussion that it is the duty of the project manger to set up the various activities of the development process to deal with the team in an appropriate way. Here Jimaga Ltd is a SME company specializing in the design and supply of promotional brochures. As part of its expansion, Jimaga Ltd has employed me as a consultant to supervise one of their special projects. â€Å"This project is concerned with the opening of a building which they recently acquired (35,000 square metres). This new building will permit the company to target and respond to large global organizations† demands for service. Primarily, the staffing arrangement at the new building will reflect the existing structure at the existing site. The project will become a success only if it meets every condition and terms which are laid out in the prescribed form. This report includes the various activities required to successfully organize the opening up of a new building with the time a nd budget limit. For every organization, there will be a set of team responsible for particular project activities within the organization. A project manager is an expert in the area of project management. The responsibility of the project managers includes the planning, carrying out and finishing of any project, normally relating to telecommunications, manufacture business, computer networking, architecture, Aerospace and Defence or software development.

To Improve The SMART Technologies Inc. Turn Over Growth In The Long Research Paper

To Improve The SMART Technologies Inc. Turn Over Growth In The Long Run - Research Paper Example I believe that the preceding information when followed will be very important in ensuring the success of the company and help it remain at the top of the game. I therefore submit this non- legally binding document with the full knowledge that its implementation is at management’s discretion. I restate that any of the recommendations will help improve the company’s performance. Respectfully Submitted By TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract 4 Introduction 5 Background and the purpose      6 Methodology 7 Findings – discussion 8 Conclusion   14 Recommendation 14 Works Cited    15 Appendix 16 Abstract       It is axiomatic to argue that the quest for increased revenue to firms has no end. To imperatively discuss the above, it is crucial and prime to digest, conceptualize and internalize the dichotomy in the unembellished key word ‘Turn over’, which is the amount of money generated from the company’s total sales. This non-monolithic term is commo n in myriad of professional and academic studies when it comes to understanding the company’s performance. ... New companies emerge with interesting and appealing products and any company that cannot do this will lag and in worst scenarios face a shut down. SMART Technology Inc. is not exceptional. Through this research, some of the questions which come up when discussing ways of helping SMART technologies Inc. increase its turnover are tackled and they include; why turnover growth is vital to the company, how the turnover can be increased in the company and finally some of the challenges that can sojourn it from achieving the same. These areas of scrutiny lead to a number of findings which are discussed in the discussion area in relation to literature. The paper also presents a number of recommendations in relation to the findings of the research. Introduction Smart technology which has been in operation for twenty five years was founded in 1986 by David Martin and Nancy Knowlton in New York. The company was distributing projectors from Canada to America and this was the major products which generated revenue. The generated revenue was directed towards research and building of a white board with the computer. The company that boosts as being defined by innovation always desire to improve the learning environments globally. The company’s customers include teacher’s students and businessmen who have always admitted that SMART Technologies Inc. have really helped new ways of learning and collaborating. The company created the first world interactive whiteboard in 1991 which is being used by over 40 Million students in over 175 countries across the globe and remains the world’s leading producer and supplier of the same (SMART Technologies Inc 1).They admit that they are the core values of excellence and innovation

Idaho Regulation Changes in Long-term Health Care Research Paper

Idaho Regulation Changes in Long-term Health Care - Research Paper Example The former president Ronald Reagan set up structures for long-term care services. This was intended to make improvements for the ultimate benefit of citizens. Regulations such as OBRA 78 provides legal requirements for the health care system to follow throughout the state as it intends that all people within the region can be able to access the healthcare services in ease. It is quite unfortunate that the regulations may fail to meet the citizen’s interest thus requiring some changes. Introduction Federal Nursing Home Reform Act Federal Nursing Home Reform Act from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 87) Developed by Hollis Turnham. President Ronald Reagan ascended into law the primary amendment of the federal principles for nursing home care since the 1965 establishment of both Medicaid and Medicare. The landmark legislation changed tremendously the society's legal prospects of nursing homes and their healthcare. Long-term care amenities requires Medicare or M edicaid funding are to provide services so that each resident can "attain and maintain her highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being. The federal nursing home Reform Act creates a set of national least amount set of principles of care and rights for people living in certified nursing facilities. The split Federal Nursing Home Reform Act and several different bills was "rolled into" one bill to assure final course of all the elements. The least federal health and care requirements for nursing homes should be administered through various of established procedures within the nursing homes and the regulatory bureau. This is a major drawback in the provision of the nursing facilities. For it to be effective, the bills should clearly define to ensure that the bills and funds are adequate for the services. The federal Nursing Reform provides a set of standards for the nursing department to observe in providing health services in the entire Idaho region. It also give s the rights for all people who live with certified facilities in nursing. It is from this perspective that sets the landmark for the common features of OBRA that came in through legislative procedures. Since then, the congress normally completes a large measure of budgetary issues in one large bill. The bill provides that the function in the year 1987 came to give entity to Omnibus Reconciliation OBRA recognizes the unique and important duty that the LTCOP perform for all the home nursing citizens. The Federal Medicaid and their legislation include real source of the material, which is the National Term Care Ombudsman Resource Centre. Distinct duties of advocacy and subsequent controls together with some of the guidance provided by the LTCOPs are additional equipments to provide citizens interests at a required level (American Medical Association 15). The differences, which OBRA introduced in the home nursing care, are great. Some of them provide specific requirements to the citize ns. For example, emphasis on quality of life for residents and clear quality, new expectations that can teach residents capabilities to bathe walk and perform other responsibilities daily. More so, residential assessment procedure that leads to development of personalized plan for caring in 75 hours for testing and training paraprofessional staff (Flower 32). It also outlines the rights in the home nursing and lack of dangerous behaviors for residents in the Idaho region significantly shifting medical situations. OBRA provides a motion of forces that enabled changes in the ways in which state inspectors make their approaches to all home nursing. They never spend their precious time, to

Path Planning Strategy For Line Follower Computer Science Essay

Path Planning Strategy For Line Follower Computer Science Essay This paper presents the development of a line follower wheeled mobile robot. In this project, ARM cortex-3 based microcontroller is chosen as the main controller to react towards the data received from infrared line sensors to give fast, smooth, accurate and safe movement in partially structured environment. A dynamic PID control algorithm has been proposed to improve the navigation reliability of the wheeled mobile robot which uses differential drive locomotion system. The experimental results show that the dynamic PID algorithm can be performed under the system real-time requirements. Keywords embedded system, wheeled mobile robot, PID control algorithm. Introduction Embedded system includes many areas of knowledge, microcontroller hardware and software, interfacing technologies, automatic control theory, and sensor technologies etc. To speed up the learning process and motivate students to learn actively, the project-based learning approach may be applied in the embedded system design laboratory [1-4]. The low-cost wheeled mobile robot building, which is proposed in this paper, serves as a good example on which students can learn embedded system design skills. It covers not only common embedded system peripherals, but also energy control and real-time control firmware implementation. The process of the construction of wheeled mobile robot can give students the idea that hardware circuits and software algorithms are both mandatory for a successful embedded system design. The competition between student groups in the racing contest can also encourage them to explore in depth the skills acquired in this laboratory as well as give them lots of fun [ 5-7]. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: The line follower robot structure and architecture issues and challenges along with their technical issues and problems are discussed in section 2. Programming details will be explained in section 3. Section 4 describes the integration of the complete system. LÄ ±ne follower wheeled MobÄ ±le Robot structure Generally, the line follower robot is one of the self-acting wheeled mobile mechanisms that follow a line drawn on the floor. The route can be a visible black line on a white surface or vice versa. The simple operations of the wheeled mobile line follower robot are shown below. Taking the line position data with optical sensors attached at the front end of the mobile robot. Most are using more than a few numbers of IR photo-reflectors. Therefore, the line sensing procedure needs high resolution and high robustness. Steering the wheeled mobile robot to track the line with any direction-finding mechanism. This is just a servo maneuver; actually, any phase recompense will be required to become stable following motion by applying digital PID filter or any similar servo algorithm. Monitoring the speed according to the path complaint. The speed is restricted during passing a turn due to the friction of the tire with the floor. From actually building the robot platform, to setting up, programming, and hardware or software fine tuning, everything needs to be taken into account when building a differential wheeled mobile robot. A mobile robot can be considered fundamentally as a combination of five main portions and subsystems. Chassis and body. Sensors and signal processing circuits. Microcontroller and interface circuits. Motor drivers Actuators (Motors and wheels) The Chassis and Body The Chassis would be the first part of a robots body. It is designed to handle all of the other components, transmission mechanisms, electronics and battery. It needs to be sufficiently large and provide adequate fixtures to furnish all necessary parts, as well as sturdy enough to cope with the weight of the parts along with additional loads which can appear in dynamic conditions such as vibrations, shocks or chassis torsion and actuators torque. There are some good materials for designing robots such as plastic, aluminum and carbon-composites. We must pay attention to the resistance, weight and mechanical ability for choosing one of them. In the designed robot, printed circuit board (PCB) has been used for chassis because of its lightweight and being strong enough for robot project. All components can be installed on the PCB to minimize the weight. It is noted that the performance is much more valuable than other issues. Sensors and Signal Processing Circuit Line follower robot uses Infrared Ray (IR) sensors to find the path and direction. IR sensors include an infrared transmitter and infrared receiver pair. IR sensors are often used to identify white and black surfaces. White surfaces effectively reflect well, but black surfaces reflect poorly. Hence, the distance between sensors and ground surface is important, and it is more valuable that how we put sensors near to each other. The distance between sensors and ground surface must be 2 to 10 mm, and the distance between each sensor is dependent on the line width. In the designed robot, we have used eight sensors, and they have a suitable distance between each other. If the line width is narrow, the distance between sensors must be reduced; otherwise, while curving the line, the robot will not be turned on time. Generally, the received signals from the sensors are analog and must be converted to the digital form. Therefore, the designed signal processing circuit can send the sensors signals to the microcontroller directly. Microcontroller We have used the TI Stellaris microcontroller LM3S811 in robot project. The LM3S811 microcontroller has a Reduced Instruction Set Coding (RISC) core. Internal oscillators, timers, UART, USB, SPI, pull-up resistors, pulse width modulation, ADC, analog comparator and watch-dog timers are some of the features [8]. With on-chip in-system programmable Flash and SRAM, the LM3S811 is a perfect choice in order to optimize cost. Motor Drivers A well-known and suitable motor driver is IC L298 which can be used to control two motors. It is a high voltage, high-current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as DC and stepping motors [9]. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. L298 has 2 amperes per channel current capacity and it can support up to 45 volts for outputting. Moreover, L298 works well up to 16 volts without any heat sink. The Actuators (Motors and Wheels) There are many kinds of motors and wheels. Our choice depends on the robot function, power, speed, and precision. Actually, it is better to use gearbox motors instead of common DC motors because it has gears and an axle and its speed does not change towards the top of a hill or downhill. Motors are rated to operate at 1700 rpm at 7 volt nominal voltage. It is better to use wheels for line follower robots, instead of a tank system. We can use three wheels. Two of them are joined to the motors and installed at the rear of the robot and the other wheel is free and installed in front of the robot as a passive caster. To get better maneuver, robot uses two motors and two wheels on the rear and a free wheel on the front. The power supply is 7.6 V with a regulator. The designed robot has eight infrared sensors on the front bottom for detecting the line. Arm based microcontroller Stellaris and driver L298 were used to control direction and speed of motors. General view of the line follower robot that we built is shown in Fig. 1. The robot is controlled by the microcontroller. It performs the change in the motor direction by sending an appropriate signal to the driver IC according to the received signals from the sensors. Real Time Task Scheduling We built a light-weighted and high-speed robot because points are awarded based upon the distance covered and the speed of the overall robot. Therefore, we used two high speed motors and a highly sensitive signal conditioning circuit. The body weight and wheels radius have effects on the speed, too. The weight of the designed robot is around 300 gr. and it could be lighter. The photograph of the top and bottom views of the designed robot is shown in Fig. 1. The microcontroller sends instructions to the driver after processing the data received from sensors. The driver powers the motors according to the inputs. Actually the driver supplies positive voltage to one of the motor pins and negative voltage to the other. There are five states of movement: To move forward; both of the motors are turned on and rotate forward simultaneously. To move left; the right motor is turned on and the left motor is turned off. To move right; the left motor is turned on and the right motor is turned off. To move left fast; the right motor rotates forward and the left motor rotates backward. To move right fast; the left motor rotates forward and the right motor rotates backward. Most embedded system applications need to react to the inputs or environment changes in real time, which means that the accuracy of computations is as important as their timelines. Furthermore, digital control algorithms need a fixed sampling time interval for measuring inputs and delivering output commands. Therefore, the idea of applying interrupts for task scheduling is introduced in this work. IMAG0388 (a) IMAG0392 (b) Figure 1 Images show (a) top, (b) bottom views of the built line follower robot. The Quadratic Line-Detection Algorithm A better way of detecting the line position, compared to the other simple line-following robots, by using a quadratic interpolation technique is introduced. Eight reflective optical sensors were used, and the coordinate of the leftmost sensor was 0. To find out the correct position of the black line, we had to locate three consecutive sensors with higher output readings than the other five sensors as shown in Fig. 2. Assume that the coordinates of these 3 sensors are x1, x1+1, and x1+2, and the true shape of the sensor output values are in the range of [x1, x1+2] which can be approximated by a quadratic curve. One can then find the following relationships between the coordinates of the sensors and the output values: (1) (2) (3) The coordinate value, at which the output value of the quadratic curve is the maximum, is considered as the true position of the line. By using the basic calculus, one would know that the coordinate value is: (4) (5) (6) It is assumed that the coordinate for the center position of the line-following robot is 0. Therefore, the error e between the line position and the center position of the robot is e â‚ ¬Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  0â‚ ¬Ã‚ ­Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  x â‚ ¬Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­x (7) Figure 2 The line detection algorithm via quadratic interpolation. PID Tracking Control Algorithm The popular proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was introduced in this project to make the robot follow the racing track. The error between the center of the sensors and the track to be followed was then processed by the PID controller to generate velocity commands for the right and left wheels. First, the controller calculates the current position and then calculates the error established on the current situation. It will then send commands the motors to give a rigid turn, if the error is extraordinary or a minor turn, if the error is small. Basically, the amount of the turn given will be proportional to the error. Of course this is a consequence of the proportional control. Even after this, if the error does not decline approximately to zero, the controller will then growth the degree of the turn further and further over time till the robot centers over the line. This is the result of the integral control. In the process of centering over the line, the robot may overshoot the target position and move to the other side of the line where the above process is followed again. Thus, the robot may keep oscillating about the line in order to center over the line. To reduce the oscillating effect over time, the derivative control is used. The proportional term is only a gain ampli fier, and the derivative term is applied in order to improve the response to disturbance, and also to compensate for phase lag at the controlled object. Pseudo Code for the PID Controller; Kp = 10 Ki = 1 Kd = 100 offset = 45 ! Initialize the variables Tp = 50 integral = 0 ! the place where integral value will be stored lastError = 0 ! place where last error value will be stored derivative = 0 ! place where derivative value will be stored Loop forever LightValue = read sensors ! read sensors. error = -x ! calculate the error using equation (7). integral = integral + error ! calculate the integral derivative = error lastError ! calculate the derivative Turn = Kp*error + Ki*integral + Kd*derivative powerA = Tp + Turn ! power level for motor A powerB = Tp Turn ! power level for motor B MOTOR A direction=forward power=PowerA MOTOR B direction=forward power=PowerB lastError = error ! save the current error end loop forever ! do it again. PID controller requires the Kp, Ki and Kd factors to be set to match wheeled line follower robots characteristics and these values depends on robot structures, actuators, sensors and other electronic components characteristics. There is no equation given in the literature to calculate Kp, Ki and Kd factors. It requires experimental trial and error technique until you get the favorite behavior. We defined these factors according to following guidelines; Start with low speed and setting values of Kp, Ki and Kd to 0. Then, try setting Kp to a value of 1 and observe the robot. The goal is to get the robot to follow the line even if it is extremely wobbly. If the robot overshoots and misses the line, decrease the value of Kp. If the robot cannot navigate a turn or seems listless, increment the Kp value with small steps. Once the mobile robot is able to follow the path, set Kd value to 1 and then try growing this value until you see less shake. Once the robot is fairly stable at following the line, assign a value of .5 to 1.0 to Ki. If the Ki value is extraordinary, the robot will shake left and right rapidly. If it is too low, you wont see any perceivable alteration. Since integral is increasing, the Ki value has a substantial impact. You may continue to retuning process with adjusting Ki by .01 increments. Once the mobile robot is tracking the line with reasonable accuracy, you can increase the speed and see if it is still able to track the line. Speed disturbs the PID controller and will require rearranging as the speed fluctuations. Results And Discusion A line following robot is programed with simple (on/off) control as a comparison purpose in evaluating the performance of the dynamic algorithm controlled robot. The results of the experiment are summarized in Table-1. From the data in the table, it can be observed that dynamic PID algorithm controlled robot has better performance in every criteria listed in the table compared to simple (on/off) control robot. The dynamic algorithm controlled robot has higher velocity, consumes less time to complete one whole circuit, tracks the line smoother and has lower tendency to astray from line compared to uncontrolled robot. Therefore this system can be used in training undergraduate students on dynamic PID algorithm control system, its application and implementation in the real world and the advantages that it offers. Fig. 3 shows the designed robot during race pits test. Figure 3 The designed robot on the race pits. Table 1- Experimental result for Line Following Robot. Criteria Dynamic PID algorithm Simple (on/off) Time to complete one whole circuit 47.6s 71.4s Line tracking Smooth Not so smooth Velocity 0.2m/s 0.14m/s Tendency to astray from line Low High Conclusion The designed wheeled line follower mobile robot has eight infrared sensors on the bottom for detecting the line. The controller board includes Stellaris LM3S811 micro-controller and the motor driver L298 which were used to control the direction and the speed of motors. The proposed dynamic PID algorithm derives the line follower locomotion by adequately combining the information from sensor module. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can successfully achieve target following in various scenarios, including straight line and circular motion, sharp-turn motion and S-shape line tracking. We are working currently to develop a more sophisticated algorithm which can perform faster line tracking with less energy consumption.

How The Web :: essays research papers

The internet is a great invention because it makes things a great deal easier for us nowadays. It is also helpful in many ways, especially, in the way of convenience. Rather than go somewhere to pay your bills, you can just do it online with a credit card. You can also check your bank statements and find out where you stand financially. These are example of good ways that the internet helps out in the world. I would have to agree with David Rothenberg when he says that the web is ruining student’s research papers. If I was a collage professor and I were to see that all of my student’s papers seemed so fake, I would be devastated. When the internet is abused to the point where it is used for just anything will affect the loss of originality, laziness, and students reading less.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While students are in collage, they do many research papers on certain topics. Most of them dread doing these kinds of papers because the numbers of pages are high. They are also time consuming and that is a big issue to a student because we all have our own lives, most of us, as we know, never have much time to spend on just a paper. So, most of the students in college try to do the easiest thing, like resort to just the internet. There is a very important term that is used in college a lot, that term is called Plagiarism. If any student turns in a paper that is plagiarized, they are kicked out of that college and given a large fine. The internet plays a big role on this word. So many people are victims of plagiarism because they only use the internet and forget about using other sources like encyclopedias, books, and newspapers. Back then, it wasn’t a problem, but nowadays people just what to do things the easy way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, since the internet is revolved around everything we do, students have now become lazy. Most of the world advertises that school assignments must be revolved around computers; even librarians say this as well. The more our technology develops in this world, the easier everything becomes. Nowadays, it’s about what makes your life easier and more convenient and I think there should be a change. On the internet there are so many short-cuts. Instead of reading carefully, and synthesizing, we do cut and paste, change the font size, and readjust the margins.

History of Animation Essay

The zoetrope is a device which creates the image of a moving picture. The earliest elementary zoetrope was created in China around 180 AD by the prolific inventor Ting Huan Made from translucent paper or mica panels, Huan hung the device over a lamp. The rising air turned vanes at the top from which hung the pictures painted on the panels would appear to move if the device is spun at the right speed. Magic Lantern (1600) The magic lantern is the predecessor of the modern day projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image would appear larger on a flat surface. Athanasius Kircher spoke about this originating from China in the 16th century but it was developed in the late 1650’s by Christian Huygens. Some slides for the lanterns contained parts that could be mechanically actuated to present limited movement on the screen. Thaumatrope (1824) A thaumatrope was a simple toy used in the Victorian era. A thaumatrope is a small circular disk or card with two different pictures on each side that was attached to a piece of string or a pair of strings running through the centre. When the string is twirled quickly between the fingers, the two pictures appear to combine into a single image. The thaumatrope demonstrates the Phi phenomenon, the brain’s ability to persistently perceive an image. Its invention is variously credited to Charles Babbage, Peter Roget, or John Ayrton Paris, but Paris is known to have used one to illustrate the Phi phenomenon in 1824 to the Royal College of Physicians. Flip book (1868) The first flip book was patented in 1868 by John Barnes Linnet. Flip books were yet another development that brought us closer to modern animation. Like the Zoetrope, the Flip Book creates the illusion of motion. A set of sequential pictures flipped at a high speed creates this effect. The Mutoscope (1894) is basically a flip book in a box with a crank handle to flip the pages. Praxinoscope (1877) The Praxinoscope, invented by French scientist Charles-Émile Reynaud, was a more sophisticated version of the zoetrope. It used the same basic mechanism of a strip of images placed on the inside of a spinning cylinder, but instead of viewing it through slits, it was viewed in a series of small, stationary mirrors around the inside of the cylinder, so that the animation would stay in place, and provide a clearer image and better quality. Reynaud also developed a larger version of the Praxinoscope that could be projected onto a screen, called the Theater Optique. Information on the Present Traditional Animation Are the oldest and historically the most popular form of animation. In a traditionally-animated cartoon, each frame is drawn by hand. Timing is important for the animators drawing these frames; each frame must match exactly what is going on in the soundtrack at the moment the frame will appear, or else the discrepancy between sound and visual will be distracting to the audience. For example, in high-budget productions, extensive effort is given in making sure a speaking character’s mouth matches in shape the sound that character’s actor is producing as he or she speaks. Feature-length films The first animated feature film was El Apà ³stol, made in 1917 by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina. He also directed two other animated feature films, including 1931’s Peludopolis, the first to use synchronized sound. None of these, however, survive to the present day. The earliest-surviving animated feature, which used colour-tinted scenes, is the silhouette-animated Adventures of Prince Achmed directed by German Lotte Reiniger and French/Hungarian Berthold Bartosch. Walt Disney’s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs are often considered to be the first animated feature when in fact at least eight were previously released. However, Snow White was the first to become successful and well-known within the English-speaking world and the first to use cell animation. Stop Motion Stop motion is used for many animation productions using physical objects rather than images of people, as with traditional animation. An object will be photographed, moved slightly, and then photographed again. When the pictures are played back in normal speed the object will appear to move by itself. The first example of object manipulation and stop-motion animation was the 1899 short film by Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton called The Humpty Dumpty Circus. A European stop motion pioneer was Wladyslaw Starewicz who animated The Beautiful Lukanida .The Battle of the Stag Beetles and The Ant and the Grasshopper. CGI animation Computer-generated imagery (CGI) revolutionized animation. The first film done completely in CGI was Toy Story, produced by Pixar. The process of CGI animation is still very tedious and similar in that sense to traditional animation and it still adheres to many of the same principles. A principal difference of CGI Animation compared to traditional animation is that drawing is replaced by 3D modelling, almost like a virtual version of stop-motion, though a form of animation that combines the two worlds can be considered to be computer aided animation but on 2D computer drawing (which can be considered close to traditional drawing and sometimes based on it). Cell-shaded animation A type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. Cell-shading is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon. It is a somewhat recent addition to computer graphics, most commonly turning up in console video games. Though the end result of cell-shading has a very simplistic feel like that of hand-drawn animation, the process is complex. The name comes from the clear sheets of acetate, called cells, which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation. It may be considered a 2.5D form of animation. True real-time cell-shading was first introduced in 2000 by Sega’s Jet Set Radio for their Dreamcast console. Besides video games, a number of anime have also used this style of animation, such as Freedom Project in 2006. CGI Animated humans Most CGI created films are based on animal characters, monsters, machines or cartoon-like humans. Animation studios are now trying to develop ways of creating realistic-looking humans. Films that have attempted this include Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within in 2001, Final Fantasy: Advent Children in 2005, The Polar Express in 2004, Beowulf in 2007 and Resident Evil: Degeneration in 2009. However, due to the complexity of human body functions, emotions and interactions, this method of animation is rarely used. The more realistic a CG character becomes, the more difficult it is to create the nuances and details of a living person. The creation of hair and clothing that move convincingly with the animated human character is another area of difficulty. The Incredibles and Up both have humans as protagonists, while films like Avatar combine animation with live action to create humanoid creatures.