Health Econimics and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Econimics and Policy - Essay Example ining both the advantages and disadvantages of the NHS will lead to a better understanding of the NHS and it may lead to possible ideas for improvement of the NHS. I will begin my discussion of the NHS with its advantages, including its purpose and some of the things that are free. Then consequences of the NHS will be explained, including long waiting times, unfair payments, some parts of health care not being included for free, problems getting enough funding, and perceived similarity to communism. Finally, based on these consequences, some potential solutions will be described. To begin with positive aspects of the NHS, one of the biggest advantages has to do with the reason this organisation was created. The point of the NHS is to give health care to everyone in England, whether they are rich or poor. (Wikipedia, 2008 from NHS website). Instead of health care being a luxury for people with money, the NHS considers it a necessity and a human right. One of the good things about the NHS is that general practitioner visits are free even though some people think they should not be. People need to get referrals from general practitioners to see specialists. â€Å"It has been argued that a nominal charge for an appointment with a GP could be introduced to prevent patients consulting their GP with minor real or imaginary complaints.† (Wikipedia, 2008). If general practitioner visits were not free, though, many people who did not know how much they really needed to go might put their health at risk by skipping the visit to save money. This is a case where it is better to be safe than sorry. Another advantage of the NHS is that it does not require more money from people choosing to do things that make them have more health problems. Some people think that they should not have to help pay for the costs of a smoker who gets lung cancer because that person chose to smoke. (Rodgers, 2003). I am glad that smokers and other people do not have to pay more because

Outsourcing Contract Flaws Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Contract Flaws Essay In any legal undertaking, contracts play a vital role in ensuring that the interests of both parties are served. Contracts serve as a binding agreement that the signatories should adhere to. In most cases, any violation of the provisions encompassed in a contract holds the erring party liable for breach of contract. When a contract is drafted, the lawyer or whoever is in charge of crafting it has the job of ensuring that both parties understand its provisions and making sure that the contents of the agreement are acceptable to both parties prior to signing the outsourcing agreement.   Ã‚   Consultation with the signatories is a vital requisite in developing a good contract. Outsourcing is one of the newest methods that firms utilize in order to hire personnel. Nowadays, one can easily find firms that specialize in outsourcing services. In this kind of business, an organization employs a service provider to handle various functions such as data entry, programming jobs, and others. Usually located in a foreign country, the outsourcing firm performs jobs that could otherwise be done by the employees of the organization. In a recent survey conducted internationally by the IT Governance Institute (ITGI), it was revealed that clients of outsourcing firms showed a great deal of dissatisfaction with the service provided by these firms. Because of this, the contracting organization made the crucial decision of prematurely severing their ties with the outsourcing firm (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). In the study, it was further discovered that among the 76 percent of the survey participants providing at least one outsourcing service, only 25 percent have an established method in managing their contracts (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). The Importance of Contracts in the Outsourcing Business Contracts play an important role in providing outsourcing services. It lays down the duties, roles, goals, and controls needed in anticipating change as well as in handling the development, maintenance, execution, pricing, and regulation of outsourced services(Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). In addition, outsourcing contracts contains provisions that the service provider must follow in order to ensure a general, consistent, and efficient means of handling the outsourcing agreement. Contracts ensure the proper governance of outsourcing (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Crafting a contract is by no means an easy job. In order to properly manage outsourcing services, the book entitled Governance of Outsourcing has laid down the following requisites of a good contract:   Outsourcing contracts should indicate what activities are exempted from outsourcing. It should clearly identify the type of service offered. Complicated and permanent outsourcing requirements may require a more integrated approach (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Once the outsourcing strategy has been determined, service provider contracts must clearly point out the methods and structures of the outsourcing agreement. It should clearly establish the responsibilities, goals, and roles of the parties involved. This can be formalized through the creation of a governance schedule. Defective approaches should be taken out of the picture. If management is unable to handle such processes, it is unlikely for the outsourcing provider to handle these processes as well (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Good outsourcing contracts must have provisions that will clearly evaluate the competence of the people who will be involved in providing outsourcing. Likewise, there should be provisions for checking the credibility and reliability of the chosen service provider (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). After a year of offering outsourcing, the service provider should work out a re-negotiation of the contract. If the terms of agreement has a global scope and the service is provided to several components of an organization, there should be supporting contracts for every country involved. Contract re-negotiation should be included in the standard operating procedure of the outsourcing firm (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Proper channelling of information should be established as this will ensure improved control instead of drawing reactions. Every communication resource should be utilized in order to guarantee that any human resource personnel involved is properly informed (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Any transfer of service connected to the agreement must be accompanied by a formal plan and should be acknowledged by the two parties involved in the process. Benchmarking and measurement should likewise be provided in order to properly manage project costing. This is an important aspect in the total conduct of negotiating for a contract (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). Aside from daily monitoring, the contract should likewise provide for regular benchmarking. Stable governance should be dynamic. Through periodic benchmarking, the service provider will remain valuable and will become the foundation of decisions whether to proceed with contract re-negotiations or abolish the contract (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). The ITGI survey further revealed that among the organizations included in the study, the main reason why clients outsource is because there are not many people within the organization who have the expertise to perform such service. Forty eight percent of the surveyed organizations support this reason while the remaining 42 percent resort to outsourcing as a cost-reduction measure. However, minimizing costs is not as crucial as improving the value of the organization (Simmonds Gilmour, 2005). There are various benefits that can be derived from outsourcing service. One of the major benefits of this kind of process is better quality of service. Since the organization paid the service provider who specializes in such kind of roles, the firm would have an assurance that the finished product would not be haphazardly done. Another advantage of outsourcing is improved handling of risks. Since the service provider is trained and experienced with the line of work they are paid to do, the risks involved will be much lesser. The outsourcing firm are more equipped to handle possible risks than an employee of the organization who might not have the time to troubleshoot risks. Likewise, there is no need for the organization to select and utilize its own personnel. Instead, the staff of the organization can focus their energy on performing more important and worthwhile activities. The last advantage of outsourcing is scalability. If the organization is satisfied with the performance of the outsourcing firm, it could require its services to perform other needs. For example, a service provider providing data entry functions for a certain organization may be expanded to perform database management duties as well. More and more organizations are realizing the importance of outsourcing as an effective means of strengthening the quality of their business. In order to completely maximize the many advantages of this process, there is a need to ensure the proper governance of these processes.   By drafting stable outsourcing contracts, service providers would be able to address and remedy any possible loopholes that may arise from the outsourcing agreement.  Ã‚   Thus, assuring that their customers are satisfied with the service they provide lies on how effective the outsourcing agreement is crafted by the service provider.   Otherwise, it could lead to a short-term and dissatisfied client.

Maxima and Minima of Functions

Maxima and Minima of Functions This term paper presents concise explanations of the subjects general principles and uses worked examples freely to expand the ideas about solving the problems by suitable methods. Each example shows the method of obtaining the solution and includes additional explanatory techniques. For some topics, where it would have been difficult to understand a solution given on a single problem, the solution has been drawn in step-by-step form. All the figures used have been taken from Google Book search. The term paper covers the necessary definitions on MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF THE FUNCTIONS and some of its important applications. It covers the topic such as types of other method for solving the big problem in a shortcut method known . The aspects of how to develop some of the most commonly seen problems is also covered in this term paper. The motive of this term paper is make the reader familiar with the concepts of application of maxima and minima of the function and  where this is used. Focus has been more on taking the simpler problem so that the concept could be made clearer even to the beginners to engineering mathematics. MAXIMA AND MINIMA The diagram below shows part of a function y = f(x). The point A is a local maximum and the point B is a local minimum. At each of these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the X axis so the derivative of the function is zero. Both of these points are therefore stationary points of the function. The term local is used since these points are the maximum and minimum in this particular Region. The rate of change of a function is measured by its derivative. When the derivative is positive, the function is increasing, When the derivative is negative, the function is decreasing. Thus the rate of change of the gradient is measured by its derivative, Which is the second derivative of the original function? Functions can have hills and valleys: places where they reach a minimum or maximum value. It may not be the minimum or maximum for the whole function, but locally it is. You can see where they are, but how do we define them? Local Maximum First we need to choose an interval: Then we can say that a local maximum is the point where: The height of the function at a is greater than (or equal to) the height anywhere else in that interval. Or, more briefly: f(a) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ f(x) for all x in the interval In other words, there is no height greater than f(a). Note: f(a) should be inside the interval, not at one end or the other. Local Minimum Likewise, a local minimum is: f(a) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ f(x) for all x in the interval The plural of Maximum is Maxima The plural of Minimum is Minima Maxima and Minima are collectively called Extrema Global (or Absolute) Maximum and Minimum The maximum or minimum over the entire function is called an Absolute or Global maximum or minimum. There is only one global maximum (and one global minimum) but there can be more than one local maximum or minimum. Assuming this function continues downwards to left and right: The Global Maximum is about 3.7 The Global Minimum is -Infinity Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables Locate relative maxima, minima and saddle points of functions of two variables. Several examples with detailed solutions are presented. 3-Dimensional graphs of functions are shown to confirm the existence of these points. More on Optimization Problems with Functions of Two Variables in this web site. Theorem Let f be a function with two variables with continuous second order partial derivativesfxx, fyyand fxyat a critical point (a,b). Let D = fxx(a,b) fyy(a,b) fxy2(a,b) If D >0 and fxx(a,b) >0, then f has a relative minimum at (a,b). If D >0 and fxx(a,b) If D If D = 0, then no conclusion can be drawn. We now present several examples with detailed solutions on how to locate relative minima, maxima and saddle points of functions of two variables. When too many critical points are found, the use of a table is very convenient. Example 1:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = 22+ 2xy + 2y2- 6x Solution to Example 1: Find the first partial derivatives fxand fy. fx(x,y) = 4x + 2y 6 fy(x,y) = 2x + 4y The critical points satisfy the equations fx(x,y) = 0 and fy(x,y) = 0 simultaneously. Hence. 4x + 2y 6 = 0 2x + 4y = 0 The above system of equations has one solution at the point (2,-1). We now need to find the second order partial derivatives fxx(x,y), fyy(x,y) and fxy(x,y). fxx(x,y) = 4 fxx(x,y) = 4 fxy(x,y) = 2 We now need to find D defined above. D = fxx(2,-1) fyy(2,-1) fxy2(2,-1) = ( 4 )( 4 ) 22= 12 Since D is positive and fxx(2,-1) is also positive, according to the above theorem function f has a local minimum at (2,-1). The 3-Dimensional graph of function f given above shows that f has a local minimum at the point (2,-1,f(2,-1)) = (2,-1,-6). Example 2:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = 22- 4xy + y4+ 2 Solution to Example 2: Find the first partial derivatives fxand fy. fx(x,y) = 4x 4y fy(x,y) = 4x + 4y3 Determine the critical points by solving the equations fx(x,y) = 0 and fy(x,y) = 0 simultaneously. Hence. 4x 4y = 0 4x + 4y3= 0 The first equation gives x = y. Substitute x by y in the equation 4x + 4y3= 0 to obtain. 4y + 4y3= 0 Factor and solve for y. 4y(-1 + y2) = 0 y = 0 , y = 1 and y = -1 We now use the equation x = y to find the critical points. (0 , 0) , (1 , 1) and (-1 , -1) We now determine the second order partial derivatives. fxx(x,y) = 4 fyy(x,y) = 12y2 fxy(x,y) = -4 We now use a table to study the signs of D and fxx(a,b) and use the above theorem to decide on whether a given critical point is a saddle point, relative maximum or minimum. critical point (a,b) (0,0) (1,1) (-1,1) fxx(a,b) 4 4 4 fyy(a,b) 0 12 12 fxy(a,b) -4 -4 -4 D -16 32 32 saddle point relative minimum relative minimum A 3-Dimensional graph of function f shows that f has two local minima at (-1,-1,1) and (1,1,1) and one saddle point at (0,0,2). Example 3:Determine the critical points and locate any relative minima, maxima and saddle points of function f defined by f(x , y) = x4- y4+ 4xy . Solution to Example 3: First partial derivatives fxand fyare given by. fx(x,y) = 43+ 4y fy(x,y) = 4y3+ 4x We now solve the equations fy(x,y) = 0 and fx(x,y) = 0 to find the critical points.. 43+ 4y = 0 4y3+ 4x = 0 The first equation gives y = x3. Combined with the second equation, we obtain. 4(x3)3+ 4x = 0 Which may be written as . x(x4- 1)(x4+ 1) = 0 Which has the solutions. x = 0 , -1 and 1. We now use the equation y = x3to find the critical points. (0 , 0) , (1 , 1) and (-1 , -1) We now determine the second order partial derivatives. fxx(x,y) = -122 The First Derivative: Maxima and Minima Consider the function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3   on the interval [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. We cannot find regions of which f is increasing or decreasing, relative maxima or minima, or the absolute maximum or minimum value of f on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23] by inspection. Graphing by hand is tedious and imprecise. Even the use of a graphing program will only give us an approximation for the locations and values of maxima and minima. We can use the first derivative of f, however, to find all these things quickly and easily. Increasing or Decreasing? Let f be continuous on an interval I and differentiable on the interior of I. If f(x)0 for all xI, then f is increasing on I. If f(x)0 for all xI, then f is decreasing on I. Example The function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 has first derivative f(x)  =  =  =  123à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢24x  12x(x2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  12x(x+1)(xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Thus, f(x) is increasing on (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢10)(2) and decreasing on (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)(02). Relative Maxima and Minima Relative extrema of f occur at critical points of f, values x0 for which either f(x0)=0 or f(x0) is undefined. First Derivative Test Suppose f is continuous at a critical point x0. If f(x)0 on an open interval extending left from x0 and f(x)0 on an open interval extending right from x0, then f has a relative maximum at x0. If f(x)0 on an open interval extending left from x0 and f(x)0 on an open interval extending right from x0, then f has a relative minimum at x0. If f(x) has the same sign on both an open interval extending left from x0 and an open interval extending right from x0, then f does not have a relative extremum at x0. In summary, relative extrema occur where f(x) changes sign. Example Our function f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 is differentiable everywhere on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], with f(x)=0 for x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢102. These are the three critical points of f on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. By the First Derivative Test, f has a relative maximum at x=0 and relative minima at x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 and x=2. Absolute Maxima and Minima If f has an extreme value on an open interval, then the extreme value occurs at a critical point of f. If f has an extreme value on a closed interval, then the extreme value occurs either at a critical point or at an endpoint. According to the Extreme Value Theorem, if a function is continuous on a closed interval, then it achieves both an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on the interval. Example Since f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 is continuous on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], f must have an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23]. We simply need to check the value of f at the critical points x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢102 and at the endpoints x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 and x=3: f(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2)  f(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1)  f(0)  f(2)  f(3)  =  =  =  =  =  35  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2  3  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢29  30  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Thus, on [à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23], f(x) achieves a maximum value of 35 at x=à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 and a minimum value of -29 at x=2. We have discovered a lot about the shape of f(x)=34à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢43à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢122+3 without ever graphing it! Now take a look at the graph and verify each of our conclusions. APPLICATION AND CONCLUSION The terms maxima and minima refer to extreme values of a function, that is, the maximum and minimum values that the function attains. Maximum means upper bound or largest possible quantity. The absolute maximum of a function is the largest number contained in the range of the function. That is, if f(a) is greater than or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is the absolute maximum. For example, the function f(x) = -162 + 32x + 6 has a maximum value of 22 occurring at x = 1. Every value of x produces a value of the function that is less than or equal to 22, hence, 22 is an absolute maximum. In terms of its graph, the absolute maximum of a function is the value of the function that corresponds to the highest point on the graph. Conversely, minimum means lower bound or least possible quantity. The absolute minimum of a function is the smallest number in its range and corresponds to the value of the function at the lowest point of its graph. If f(a) is less t han or equal to f(x), for all x in the domain of the function, then f(a) is an absolute minimum. As an example, f(x) = 322 32x 6 has an absolute minimum of -22, because every value of x produces a value greater than or equal to -22. In some cases, a function will have no absolute maximum or minimum. For instance the function f(x) = 1/x has no absolute maximum value, nor does f(x) = -1/x have an absolute minimum. In still other cases, functions may have relative (or local) maxima and minima. Relative means relative to local or nearby values of the function. The terms relative maxima and relative minima refer to the largest, or least, value that a function takes on over some small portion or interval of its domain. Thus, if f(b) is greater than or equal to f(b  ± h) for small values of h, then f(b) is a local maximum; if f(b) is less than or equal to f(b  ± h), then f(b) is a relative minimum. For example, the function f(x) = x4 -123 582 + 180x + 225 has two relative minima (points A and C), one of which is also the absolute minimum (point C) of the function. It also has a relative maximum (point B), but no absolute maximum. Finding maxima or minima also has important applications in linear algebra and game theory. For example, linear programming consists of maximizing (or minimizing) a particular quantity while requiring that certain constraints be imposed on other quantities. The quantity to be maximized (or minimized), as well as each of the constraints, is represented by an equation or inequality. The resulting system of equations or inequalities, usually linear, often contains hundreds or thousands of variables. The idea is to find the maximum value of a particular variable that represents a solution to the whole system. A practical example might be minimizing the cost of producing an automobile given certain known constraints on the cost of each part, and the time spent by each laborer, all of which may be interdependent. Regardless of the application, though, the key step in any maxima or minima problem is expressing the problem in mathematical terms.

Marijuana Legalized: How It Can Positively Effect Our Society Essay

The dispute over the legalization of cannabis sativa, more commonly known as marijuana, is one of the most controversial issues ever to take place in the United States. Its use as a medicine has existed for thousands of years in many countries across the globe. Legalization should be considered despite efforts made by groups who say marijuana is a harmful drug that will increase crime rates and lead users to other more dangerous substances. The legalization of marijuana can improve our society by helping with our economy, freeing legal resources, and benefiting the overall health of the nation though medical uses. Helping the Economy Our economy in America is hurting right now. We need something to help boost it and bring our country out of debt. Taxation on legalized marijuana could help aid in this goal. Assuming the taxes are comparable to tobacco, a $40 billion marijuana market would yield about $16-20 billion in taxes (Nelson, 2010, para. 24). There are worries that the black market will undercut the legitimate sales of marijuana, which might be very true, the same thing has happened with tobacco. Having the security of knowing where the marijuana is coming from and that it was grown without harmful chemicals, altered by a third party, and knowing it is a quality product is a deterrent to black market purchases. Marijuana would also still be illegal to purchase from the black market. If marijuana were legalized it would open up a whole new commerce in industrial hemp farming and the products that are made from it. The products that can be made from hemp number over 25,000 (Hemp Facts, 1997). A few of those products include paper, clothing, rope, fuel, and building materials. Hemp can be cultivated once or in som... ...chool to buy marijuana that it is alcohol because alcohol is controlled and age restricted. Since 2001 marijuana use in high school students has gone down (Marijuana - InfoFacts – NIDA, 2010). If marijuana is controlled the same way I believe that its use will only reduce further. People should make their own decision if they want to smoke marijuana. They deserve the right to exercise their own freedom of choice when considering using marijuana. It should be taxed and regulated to help our country’s economy and it will open up a whole new industry for hemp products. Legalization will help free up money and resources to focus on more serious crimes. Its medicinal properties help people with various types of illnesses and pain from injuries. Further research and studies will only open up more uses for cannabis. Its benefits far outweigh its negative effects.

Redevelopment of Manila City Jail Essay

Manila, Philippines—Filinvest Land Inc. has bagged a deal to redevelop a 1. 2-hectare property owned by the government that was the site of the old Cebu City jail on Salinas Drive in Lahug to turn it into a business process outsourcing complex. In a disclosure to the Philippine Stock Exchange on Tuesday, the property developer announced that it had submitted the winning build-transfer-operate proposal and complied with the requirements contained in the notice of award from the Economic Enterprise Council under the Office of the Governor of the Province of Cebu. The lot used to be occupied by the Bagong Buhay Rehabilitation Center and the Cebu City Treatment and Rehabilitation Center. â€Å"FLI remains bullish on the BPO sector and is rapidly expanding its office portfolio to meet the needs of the industry,† the disclosure said. â€Å"FLI believes that Cebu, in particular, has good potential for this business. † This represents an expansion of FLI’s interest in Cebu. It is currently developing the 50. 6-hectare Citta di Mare in the South Road Properties. Two mid-rise building projects, Amalfi Oasis and San Remo Oasis, are also currently being constructed under a joint venture with the Cebu City Government. Land development works on the Il Corso lifestyle strip are likewise ongoing. Other ongoing projects of FLI include One Oasis Cebu, a 3. 7 hectare mid-rise development with a total of 10 buildings adjacent to the Cebu Golf and Country Club. Two buildings have been completed and a third is targeted for completion by year-end. Finally, FLI’s Grand Cenia Hotel and Residences condotel has recently started operations as Quest Hotel and Conference Center, a three-star hotel complete with business and conference facilities. The Cebu project also scales up FLI’s BPO portfolio. As of the end of 2011, it had over 170,000 square meters of gross leasable area (GLA) from 12 buildings in Northgate Cyberzone in Filinvest Corporate City in Muntinlupa City and PBCom Tower in Makati City. At Northgate Cyberzone, another building is currently under construction and will add close to 20,000 square meters of GLA in the first half of 2013, while a 14th building is targeted to break ground within the year with a GLA of 13,000 square meters. Vector Two, which was completed in the fourth quarter of 2011, is fully taken-up and has been turned over for tenant fit-outs, the disclosure said. Meanwhile, FLI is constructing a five-storey building along EDSA across the Asian Development Bank building which is expected to be completed within 2012.

alien essays

alien essays The other night I was takin the trash out. I heard ol' Bessie, my cow carryin on like there was a snake in her pin. I ran over and I said "Bessie, you best hush up!" That's when I seen it. It was a round hunk of metal flyin through the sky. At first I thought it was the top of my grain bin. That's where I've been keepin my manure that I use on m'gardern. I thought to myself "Oh Boy! Someone's done thrown a match in there. That's when this little green light shot right down from it and burn up my okra patch. All of a sudden where that little green light was, these creatures walked out. I ran in and got my When I came back out, they said sumpthin like "Take me to your leader." I told `em "I don't know much about takin' you to my leader but they're fixin to meet their maker if they didn't get on out of here. Then they made the ugliest fact at me and started talkin Japanese back and forth at each other. All of a sudden I heard Bessie again, but when I looked over, they zapped that poor ol' cow up to their hunk of metal spacecraft. I told `em they better put her back or I was gonna call the UFO sightings hotline on them like I did on all of their friends. I said " I know about all of your tests you run on them poor animals like Bessie cause I've been watchin' the X-Files on my big 10 inch black and white TV." Then they started gibbering back and forth again and I'll be dang if they didn't zap my old John Deere up on that ship too. That's when I got really mad. I think they understood English too cause when I told em what I thought of that spaceship, they started shootin' that laser gun at me. I said "Yowweee!!!" Then I took off runnin' up the hill. I guess they must've realized how big my shotgun was cause they got back in their ship and took off for the sky. Everything's been pretty normal since then, except my wife, Bell, got meaner `cause I make her pull t...

My Antonia by Willa Cather

My Antonia by Willa Cather Free Online Research Papers From two different places, from two different worlds, it is amazing how two people with separate pasts can come together and form an enigmatic bond. Willa Cather captured this in My Antonia between its two main characters, Jim and Antonia. Throughout the story, Antonia was a representation of a life very different from Jim’s and as a strong bond with the land shows us Jim’s fascination with Antonia. She is his counterpart. Antonia represents an alternative to Jim’s life as a middle-class American boy. Unlike Jim, she’s able to move away from all the stereotypes and boundaries of her class and gender. â€Å"Antonia is a lot less inhibited than Jim is and listens to her heart more.†(Woodress) In the end, Jim’s decisions are made according to social thumbs up or thumbs downs. He goes through a rebel stage and ignores all of his responsibilities to his own class to hang out with people his family and friends don’t think highly of, but when he figures out that what he’s doing is hurting his grandparents and where they stand socially like honor wise, he stops really fast. He goes back to the whole country women feel of life when he ignores his studies and starts to hang out with Lena in Lincoln. But right after Gaston Cleric, his mentor, gives him a little bit of advice, he forgets about Lena and focuses back onto his studies. After doing things like this over and over, he ends up really far away from Nebraska to the point where he can’t ever be as close again. Back to present tense, the grownup Jim regrets not being able to stop and enjoy all the country girls, the â€Å"Real Women† like Lena and Antonia, and at the same time, be admired for his successful professional life. He wishes he could’ve had both. In the end, he plans out lots of visits from New York to Antonia and her family back in the country. The second thing Antonia represents to Jim is a close tie to the land. As much as he loves the land, Jim is able to give it up for the city whereas Antonia is the happiest there. The differences between Antonia and Jim almost spell out what the Nebraska prairie means to two really specific different types of people. â€Å"Jim has a lot of harmony with the land and loves it a lot, but he never has to work it like Antonia did.† (Bohlke) She has to go through the pains of it more than him, like how when they are both cold and sick during the winter at different times, Jim is protected by his grandmother’s house and Antonia has to wait it out in the cold. He only lives there three years before moving to Black Hawk and he never moves back. Generally, whenever Jim sees the land, he thinks of what we can use it for, as in railroads and buildings. He’s all about progress, and he doesn’t mind when the grasslands are wiped out for railroads. He looks at the land a s an instrument for progress. Antonia on the other hand thinks of the land as a divine entity driven by its own force. At the end Cather portrays Antonia in her orchard touching all of her trees that she planted and took care of like people. Antonia is much more a relative like a sister to the land and Jim is more of a master. When Jim tells Antonia how important she is to him, he is telling her that she is his counterpart. He says, â€Å"The idea of you is a part of my mind; you influence my likes and dislikes, all my tastes, hundreds of times when I don’t realize it. You really are a part of me.† (Cather) Jim and Antonia are never exactly the same; they were always notably different socially and attitude wise. Her difference helped him to define himself and make his own choices. Jim says that he might have liked to have Antonia as something closer like a sweetheart, or a wife, or my mother or my sister (Cather), but he never went after her like that. Willa Cather’s opinion of them comes across as Antonia and Jim being better counterparts than intimates. The last thing he does in reference to this all is him writing â€Å"My† in front of her name. She is his because he took in his image of her so much that its part of him now. That’s why he says The idea of you is a part of my mind. He is saying that it’s the â€Å"Idea† of Antonia that’s a part of him, like his own imagination of her in his head. Antonia is a big part of Jim. The connection in My Antonia is the contradictions between Jim and Antonia that form a bond, ultimately uniting them. Willa Cather is very accepting of Jim and Antonia’s fate. They both represent their respective people, class and native wise. I think she’s trying to get the point across that when you don’t have much in life, money and status wise, you take what life gives you and you make that everything. Research Papers on My Antonia by Willa CatherThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West MeetThe Hockey GameCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Standard Definition and Examples in Science

Standard Definition and Examples in Science The word standard has several different definitions. Even within science, there are multiple meanings. In metrology and other sciences, such as chemistry and physics, a standard is a reference that is used to calibrate measurements. Historically, each authority defined its own standards for systems of weights and measures. This resulted in confusion. Although some of the older systems are still in use, modern standards are internationally recognized and defined under controlled conditions. Examples of Standards In chemistry, for example, a primary standard may be used as a reagent to compare purity and quantity in a titration or other analytical technique. In metrology, a standard is an object or experiment that defines the unit of a physical quantity. Examples of standards include the international prototype kilogram (IPK), which is the mass standard for the International System of Units (SI), and the volt, which is the unit of electrical potential and is defined based on the output of a Josephson junction. Standard Hierarchy There are different levels of standards for physical measurements. The master standards or primary standards are those of the highest quality, which define their unit of measure. The next level of standards in the hierarchy is secondary standards, which are calibrated with reference to a primary standard. The third level of the hierarchy encompasses the working standards. Working standards are periodically calibrated from a secondary standard. There are also laboratory standards, which are defined by national organizations to certify and calibrate labs and educational facilities. Because laboratory standards are used as a reference and are held to a quality standard, they are sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as secondary standards. However, that term has a specific and different meaning.

Week 7 d2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 d2 - Essay Example These ideas are highly useful in reducing the organization’s ownership costs. The management can also gain revenues based on additional opportunities associated with the network. Effective network management could as well increase work value, which in turn will assist in boosting revenues. Effectiveness of the organization’s network can be done by determining the productivity of the operator, the network management and its impact on revenues, the network reliability and availability, as well as its service (Hanemann, Liakopoulos, Molina, & Swany, 2014). In the course of measuring the metric of operator productivity, the number of devices that can be supported by operator ports. This is done by tracking down any troubles and how fast they are resolved. The network management impact on revenue is done by considering the number of customers lost within a specified time including the reasons for such losses (Hanemann, Liakopoulos, Molina, & Swany, 2014). There chat below shows the network management metric for assessing network management effectiveness within an organization. Aspects like network usability, requirements, and most relevant network operations are considered. All these aspects are explained in relation to factors like aggregation in time, aggregation in space, and concatenation in space (Hanemann, Liakopoulos, Molina, & Swany, 2014). Measurements need to be done with exactly the same packet type such as size and ToS among others. In the case of space aggregation, this aspect applies specifically to physical space aggregation. Local space aggregations are typically over packet properties. Hanemann, A., Liakopoulos, A., Molina, M., & Swany, D. M. (2014). A Study on Network Performance Metrics and their Composition. Retrieved from marco.uminho.pt:

CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Every company across the world is trying to maximize the profitability from the opportunity it has in the global world economy. Companies are looking for the opportunities to expand their businesses and serve the international markets. International markets on one hand provide lucrative opportunities and on the other hand poses different challenges for the international business managers. Much of these challenges come due to the differences of the cultures of the target market places. Every market differs with each other in geographic specifications, customer demographics, consumer choices and preferences, taste, culture and traditions and in various different aspects. It is very important for the international businesses to cater the needs of different markets by responding to different environmental factors. One of the most important issues for the business organisations’ in the present business scenario is ‘Culture’. Culture has been defined in different ways by academicians, sociologists, researchers and various experts from different fields. Hofstede (1980) has regarded it as ‘collective programming of the mind’. This collective programming allows people to distinguish the members of one group from the other. Maanen and Schein (1979) has defined culture as values, beliefs, and expectations that members of a group come to share. Success and failure of any project of organisation is subject to its culture and culture of the people working in/with it. Organization culture allows its employee certain degree of freedom, innovativeness and support. It depends on leadership for the mission, vision and approach. Employees of any organization must follow the vision of management in order to achieve desired results. The components of organization’s culture are as follows: Mooij and Marieke (2004) state â€Å"Organization culture is collection of vision, values, norms, beliefs and attitude of an organization.† Organisation culture is one

Worldly Philosophers by Robert Heilbroner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Worldly Philosophers by Robert Heilbroner - Essay Example However, in civilized and advanced societies, the author asserts that this kind of cohesiveness found in primitive societies is missing. In addition, in modern societies fewer incentives exist for people to act in order to survive. This leads to a disfranchised society. Due to intricacy of modern society, small transformation in society could lead to social disarray. The author talks about the struggles in society that people undergo in order to survive (Heilbroner 19). Since we live in a capitalist society, the author argues that it is impossible to prevent some circumstances in capitalist. The overgrowing use of machines enhances high productivity of goods, which creates employment opportunities for workers to work in those industries. It will however be difficult to avoid the use of child labor to work within these industries. Huge gap of social inequalities has also continued to widen further as people become more selfish. The exploitation of the workers has constantly resulted i nto wars and crises, which has been difficult to prevent. The division between the owners of production and the workers meant there is likelihood of war eruption, which in this case is inevitable as a result, impairing the development of a capitalist economy (Heilbroner 21). With huge concentration on capital, whereby small retail units had to pave way for the enlargement of wide markets agriculturalists had to suffer. It should however be noted that this system of capitalist makes it very difficult to control the economic crises. Since markets are identified with money and exchange, Heilbroner asserts that this leads to the problem of equal allocation of resources because of scarce resources. He also states there is also the problem of economic efficient since resources produced are not allocated and distributed equally.

Introduction to Social Networking Web Sites Essay

Introduction to Social Networking Web Sites - Essay Example Many of the sites are user friendly and available at no charge. Since the sites have shown huge popularity, many businesses are able to use the sites as a form of advertising. Reasons like this are why companies such as Google have invested over 1 billion dollars for a site named You Tube. To further explore a social network it is important to review what a social network is. A social network as defined by an unknown writer from â€Å"what is social networking†, â€Å"as the grouping of individuals into certain groups†. This is very true in the sense that social networking sites group different types of individuals into different groups based on likes and dislikes. Social networking sites have objectives just like any other site. Social networking allows for individuals and businesses to communicate through a virtual setting. An article by Don Lafferty, explains how social networking has contributed in the growth of social enterprises. (Lafferty 2007) Social networking allows individuals to be shown a new form of communication. This is very beneficial to businesses. A common social networking site is Facebook. Facebook allows users to search for friends, create profiles, and have access to businesses and advertisements. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerburg Mark was named â€Å"person of the year† in 2010. (Grossdman2010)

INFORMATIVE REPORT ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

INFORMATIVE REPORT - Assignment Example From the surveys administered to the customers, the weaknesses in services include cleanliness, where customers said that the on-site centers were not clean. The food served at the on-site centers was often poor, and the services offered by the service attendants were not up to standard. The limitation of the study was that the managers did not offer any explanation into why the services delivered were not up to standard, although they reported plans of holding a staff meeting to look into the issue. From the reports, there is also the need to inquire into other problem areas, through a meeting with the employees, to review performance areas. After realizing the complaints from the company’s customers, my office carried out a survey study to gather facts on the areas of inefficiencies and poor service. Towards realizing this, surveys reached 450 customers from the different movie production company operation centers. The survey saw an 89% return rate, thereby offering a representative picture of the issue. From the information collected, the problem areas identified covered cleanliness, the food supplied, and the services offered to the clients. In the area of cleanliness, 96% of the customers gave feedback that the on-site food service centers were not administered in a clean manner. The complaint areas include that silverware were commonly found with crusted food, food debris had dried on the tables, and the floors had litter. Also, it was reported that glasses had dirt spots, and that the customer service personnel often wore dirty aprons. Other concern areas under cleanliness were that service personnel did not wear plastic gloves, and that flies were buzzing around the service counter – which showed that the area was generally dirty. In the area of food supply, 85% of the customers offered the information that the quality of the food supplied was in many cases poor. Complaints include that fried

Is the Quality Old Design Methods Better than Today's Essay

Is the Quality Old Design Methods Better than Today's - Essay Example This is because; the problems experienced today are by far too complex such that they can neither be solved by intuition nor can they be solved using traditional wisdom (Brand, 2005). Since design involves different tasks, it is necessary that different methods be incorporated. In earlier days before technology was incorporated in architectural design field, the industry practitioners used some elementary methods to facilitate the design process. As technology was adopted, these methods slowly faded away and as time went by, every practitioner became conversant with the new methods and from there henceforth, the new technological methods started dominating over the old methods (Brand, 2005). However, from the recent developments attributable to the new technological methods in design, a question tends to arise. Are they better in quality as compared to the preceding old methods? Therefore, this paper will aim at trying to answer the question concerning the quality of the old methods in design as compared to the current design methods, which have a technological aspect. Despite the fact the technology is ideal in every aspect of life if adopted, the older design methods, which did not entail technology, were meaningful and as such, they can be said to be of good quality than the contemporary methods (Brand, 2005). ... This method can be said of great quality as compared to the new technological design methods because, the knowledge obtained in such methods of design were practical (Hillis, 2008). Most of the contemporary design methods are largely theoretical and employ the practical notion very limitedly. For instance, in great cathedrals, the drawings therein were full size and as such, large sets of dividers used in older days design were widely used in setting out the masonry. Moreover, forms as well as shapes were psychologically developed in the minds of the craftsmen in a gradual way. Later, just before technology took reign, older designers were also making use small scale drawing. All these practical aspects of older design methods are used less in the contemporary design and this proves that the older methods are of more quality than the new (Hillis, 2008). In regard to the master as well as the apprentice system, the decisions concerning the design methods were based on the traditional grounds. As such, the design process was therefore done in special ways. The most precise reason for this is because; the processes had always been done within such ways. This is indeed absent in the new technological design methods. The older design methods such as apprenticeship could be used for anything, from building to ships. Today, there is a range of design methods and each method is used for a particular product (Hillis, 2008). Even today, admiration for the traditional products attributable to the old methods used in design can still be depicted from the people and as such, the admiration continues growing. This therefore is supposed to mean that the quality attributable to

Introduction to Social Networking Web Sites Essay

Introduction to Social Networking Web Sites - Essay Example Many of the sites are user friendly and available at no charge. Since the sites have shown huge popularity, many businesses are able to use the sites as a form of advertising. Reasons like this are why companies such as Google have invested over 1 billion dollars for a site named You Tube. To further explore a social network it is important to review what a social network is. A social network as defined by an unknown writer from â€Å"what is social networking†, â€Å"as the grouping of individuals into certain groups†. This is very true in the sense that social networking sites group different types of individuals into different groups based on likes and dislikes. Social networking sites have objectives just like any other site. Social networking allows for individuals and businesses to communicate through a virtual setting. An article by Don Lafferty, explains how social networking has contributed in the growth of social enterprises. (Lafferty 2007) Social networking allows individuals to be shown a new form of communication. This is very beneficial to businesses. A common social networking site is Facebook. Facebook allows users to search for friends, create profiles, and have access to businesses and advertisements. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerburg Mark was named â€Å"person of the year† in 2010. (Grossdman2010)

Is the Quality Old Design Methods Better than Today's Essay

Is the Quality Old Design Methods Better than Today's - Essay Example This is because; the problems experienced today are by far too complex such that they can neither be solved by intuition nor can they be solved using traditional wisdom (Brand, 2005). Since design involves different tasks, it is necessary that different methods be incorporated. In earlier days before technology was incorporated in architectural design field, the industry practitioners used some elementary methods to facilitate the design process. As technology was adopted, these methods slowly faded away and as time went by, every practitioner became conversant with the new methods and from there henceforth, the new technological methods started dominating over the old methods (Brand, 2005). However, from the recent developments attributable to the new technological methods in design, a question tends to arise. Are they better in quality as compared to the preceding old methods? Therefore, this paper will aim at trying to answer the question concerning the quality of the old methods in design as compared to the current design methods, which have a technological aspect. Despite the fact the technology is ideal in every aspect of life if adopted, the older design methods, which did not entail technology, were meaningful and as such, they can be said to be of good quality than the contemporary methods (Brand, 2005). ... This method can be said of great quality as compared to the new technological design methods because, the knowledge obtained in such methods of design were practical (Hillis, 2008). Most of the contemporary design methods are largely theoretical and employ the practical notion very limitedly. For instance, in great cathedrals, the drawings therein were full size and as such, large sets of dividers used in older days design were widely used in setting out the masonry. Moreover, forms as well as shapes were psychologically developed in the minds of the craftsmen in a gradual way. Later, just before technology took reign, older designers were also making use small scale drawing. All these practical aspects of older design methods are used less in the contemporary design and this proves that the older methods are of more quality than the new (Hillis, 2008). In regard to the master as well as the apprentice system, the decisions concerning the design methods were based on the traditional grounds. As such, the design process was therefore done in special ways. The most precise reason for this is because; the processes had always been done within such ways. This is indeed absent in the new technological design methods. The older design methods such as apprenticeship could be used for anything, from building to ships. Today, there is a range of design methods and each method is used for a particular product (Hillis, 2008). Even today, admiration for the traditional products attributable to the old methods used in design can still be depicted from the people and as such, the admiration continues growing. This therefore is supposed to mean that the quality attributable to

Love and Courtship in Federalist America Essay Example for Free

Love and Courtship in Federalist America Essay The courtships and marriages of Theodore Sedgwick and of his seven children span the American Revolution and the early republic, with Theodore first marrying in 1767/68, his children being born between 1775 and 1791, and all except Catharine marrying by their thirties. In some ways, Kensleas findings are unsurprising, as arranged marriages gave way to individual choice: Sedgwick arranged his eldest daughters marriages in 1797 and 1801, while his sons enjoyed love matches within a decade. But Kensleas focus on the family adds a new dimension: male influence in arranging young womens marriages apparently extended beyond fathers to brothers. Professing so much pride and pleasure in contemplating her worth, that I want the world to know what a sister I possess (45), Theodore II insisted Frances marry Ebenezer Watson, whom she did not love. When Watson turned out to be physically abusive, Francess brothers again played a significant role by using their influence on her husbands business as a way to control him and offering their homes as a refuge. Just as brothers influenced their sisters marriages, peers played a significant role in love matches: in both cases, courtship took place in a group context. Even when love superseded paternal choice, siblings made clear that marriage to someone was necessary: as Catharine Sedgwick asked her equivocating brother, What are you doing? Sucking your thumbs, and building castles while all the birds of the air are building their nests (110). Friends were equally important in shaping courtship. The wonderfully named Friendlies—a group of single and married Boston women in their twenties—not only provided the younger Sedgwicks with potential wives, but advised them on how to choose well. Kenslea demonstrates that marrying for love by no means simplified choice; instead, both men and women employed badinage as a way of ascertaining intent without committing themselves, and alliances shifted so quickly that the Sedgwick men seem to have courted all the Friendlies at once. Such dizzingly complex male/female relations (119)—replete with wit, romantic potential, and power plays—suggest parallels to the mixed groups Catharine Allgor discovered in the early republics political salons (103). At least during courtship, male/female spheres had remarkably porous boundaries, and Kenslea finds the beginnings of the domestication of virtue (169) in the early republic, as personal  happiness succeeded public good. As couples became engaged, they retreated from friends and family and developed relationships Kenslea finds similar to those Karen Lystra discovered among Victorians two decades later. In Harry Sedgwick and Jane Minots engagement of 1816-17, they quit badinage for candor, tested their relationship with a year long separation as Sedgwick established himself financially, and created new selves by employing letters as a form of physical contact and ritual celebration of their love (131). Like Lystra, Kenslea finds fluidity of gender roles (155), with Jane complimenting Harry, you are the nearest to a woman in your feelings of any man I know (144). The Sedgwick manuscripts, however, allow Kenslea to examine such courtships through siblings and parents eyes, rather than only from the couples perspective. If the Sedgwicks provide much evidence of family and friends roles in court- ship and the erosion of distinct gender roles, they also suggest the limits of change. The Sedgwicks occupied a narrow cut of society—Federalist, Unitarian, and upper class—but male privilege framed their lives.

The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review

The Devil Makes Work by Clarke and Critcher | Review In this essay I shall review The devil makes work by Clarke and Critcher. Using wider information I shall evaluate the books strengths and weaknesses and suggest implications for the sociology of leisure. The book deals with the historical development of what we now call leisure. The change from older forms of economic markets to capitalist industrialisation forced a schism in the work/leisure relationship. â€Å"The identification of leisure as the sphere in which needs are satisfied and pleasure found simultaneously makes work less susceptible to criticism as unsatisfactory and more salient as that which has to be tolerated to ‘earn’ the freedom of leisure.†[1] This demarcation is seen as the principle victory, in a stream of relatively uncontested battles, of capitalism in regards to leisure. The alienation of labour is made more tolerable by leisure activities and pursuits. Work became a means to an end, leisure. The sphere of leisure offered the ruling classes the opportunity to restrict and control workers lives further, in insidious ways, permeating what was supposed to be ‘free’ time. â€Å"If the working class wants alcohol and music, it shall have them but only to be consumed under certain conditions.†[2] Under the guise of caring for workers needs, and by setting up institutions of leisure, the dominant ruling classes could ensure that time away from work was spent in activities deemed appropriate. The point of this control was to ensure their productivity thus perpetuating the capitalist market. â€Å"The establishment of leisure as consumption†¦has also been of considerable significance.†[3] This was capitalism’s second great victory. The capitalist process, at its most fundamental, is consumption. By turning leisure into a commodity, to be bought, sold and used, revenue could be exploited. The irony and hypocrisy of the sphere of leisure, supposedly free of capitalist ideology, feeding that ideology with new avenues of revenue, production and reproduction, is shown by Clarke and Critcher. The book points out the fallacy of the ‘freedom’ of leisure. â€Å"The much vaunted democracy of the market-place rests on the rather less democratic foundations of the profoundly unequal distribution of wealth.†[4] Instead of resistance to the fact that choice is limited, nay controlled, by the market, we, the consumer, value what choices we do have all the more. Choice in leisure is curtailed by social division and unequal distribution. Clarke and Critcher indicate a direct link between the alienation of work, to an alienation of leisure, precisely because they conceptualise leisure as being a by product of what we term as work. Leisure is defined by work, caused by work and needed because of work. Resistance to leisure models is ultimately futile. The market can not completely control how leisure products are used, the young especially tend to use them in ways never envisioned. This would be seen as resistance except, â€Å"Such strategies may modify but cannot challenge the market/consumer model. Before we can modify the meaning and use of any commodity, we must first enter the market as consumers to acquire it.†[5] â€Å"The major forms and definitions of leisure seem to be changing under the diverse pressures of economic recession and the transition to a post-industrial society.†[6] The piece ends with some predictions. The current (1985) change to a post industrial society would cause mass unemployment. This unemployment would greatly impact leisure, not least because in the capitalist model leisure time is a reward for work, when a person isn’t working they receive fewer rewards. Clarke and Critcher’s work has its place in a continuum of Marxist thought. Simmel stated, â€Å"In this context then, the history of forms of leisure is the history of labour The exhaustion of our mental and physical energies in work lead us to require †¦leisure.’†[7] These notions support the work of Clarke and Critcher, that leisure is a reward for time spent working. The real purpose of leisure is to repair and relax the worker ready to once more be a useful member of the industrial complex. The ruling Bourgeois idea of leisure, for Veblen[8], was conspicuous consumption, the ostentatious display of wealth through the purchase of commodities. For Freud, it was, â€Å" Just this ‘objectivity’ which†¦viewing the individual as†¦consumer†¦regarded pleasure as the consequence of possessing valued objects.†[9] Freud depicted the Bourgeois ego as deriving its pleasure from owning commodities. This pleasure was leisure and inexorably, both implicitly and explicitly, the subordinate classes were compelled to adopt this view because, â€Å"the ideas of the bourgeois class are the ruling ideas in society.†[10] These notions support Clarke and Critcher’s assumptions. Clarke and Critcher state that their work, â€Å"Does not attempt to lay to rest all those complex definitional questions about what is or is not leisure.†[11] Moorhouse raises the very salient point that one could consider it blithely ignorant to conduct research without first defining what it is one is researching[12]. Clarke and Critcher rely on the ‘self evident’ truth of what leisure is. ‘Self evident’ truths are, quite often, less than self evident. They rely on common sense notions, but in this case sense is not necessarily common. For Moorhouse, their treatment of work is crude and their definition of leisure spurious. They refuse â€Å"To allow that paid labour can be, for most, a source of satisfaction, purpose, creativity, qualitative experience, and so on.†[13] Classical assumptions of the nature of work and leisure may no longer be sufficient. Clarke and Critcher themselves state that they are writing during a time of transition to ‘post-industrial’ society. If one takes this claim seriously then it has important implications. â€Å"The introduction of flexi-time and the development of human relations techniques in management have made the workplace less oppressive and monotonous for many workers†¦Moreover, technical progress enables paid employment to be conducted from the home.†[14] Technology, in particular that most wide of world webs, has magnified the possibilities of working from home further blurring the lines of what constitutes work and leisure. The dualistic and simplistic account as found in Clarke and Critcher may no longer serve. Their account seems isolated in a very specific moment, a moment of change. As noted above, they attempted predictions. Mass and continued unemployment never occurred and one can question how much this fact weakens the conclusions they derived. Some sociologists see leisure as a site for developing essential social networks, places that maintain and improve cohesion and interaction[15]. If one considers Simmel’s conception that sociability is leisure in its, â€Å"Pure form,’[16] then one might conclude that the development of leisure networks are a ‘morally’ good occurrence that let actors enjoy true or ‘pure’ leisure, pleasure and fun. â€Å"Social structure may also be manipulated by the intentional activities of actors.†[17] The Marxist based argument is one sided. The bourgeois are the active oppressors, the working class the submissive victims and there is no room for any real dialogue between worker’s and capitalist ideology. [18] Also it assumes that capitalist ideology is uniform and coherent. The ideological structure is rarely that simple. Feminist theorists such as Wearing[19] raise the issues of the problem of women’s experiences of leisure. Though raised in Clarke and Crichter’s work, their account does not, perhaps, delve deeply enough into the feminist sociological perspective. The structural and pervasive ideology of Marxism is, in many ways, present in feminist accounts, however particular attention should be paid to the fact that this ideology is exclusively the preserve of men, and is not exclusively economic. Theorists such as Butler[20] indicate the problem of explaining women’s position in society while being forced to use the only language available, the language of masculinity. Still further Collins critiques feminism as the preserve of white women only.[21]. â€Å"If one ‘is’ a woman then that is surely not all that one is†¦gender intersects with racial, class, ethnic, sexual and regional discursively constituted identities.†[22] In conclusion, Critcher and Clarke’s work fits very neatly within Marxist theoretical framework. As such it has the strengths, and indeed weaknesses, of much Marxist and neo-Marxist theory. Using any one methodology can leave a study exposed to accusations of one dimensionalism. This is a charge that can be levelled, probably fairly, at their thesis. Not only this, but the book, timed during a change in leisure practices, is dated and some of its conclusions are clearly inaccurate. Nonetheless that is not to say that the text is of no use as it does represent many of the dominant ideas that course throughout the study of leisure. The best way to proceed is to use all of the implications noted here, and yet others, when investigating the sociology of leisure. Bibliography Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 Ways of Escape by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan Press 1993 Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 Footnotes [1] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 p94-95 [2] Ibid p95 [3] Ibid p95 [4] Ibid p96 [5] Ibid p201 [6] Ibid p200 [7] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p83 [8] The theory of the leisure class by Thorstein Veblen. Published by The new American library 1959 [9] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p69 [10] Ibid p101 [11] The devil makes work: Leisure in capitalist Britain by J Clarke and C Critcher. Published by Macmillan 1985 pxiii [12] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 [13] Ibid p25 [14] Ibid p108 [15] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 [16] Leisure for leisure edited by Chris Rojek. Published by Macmillan press 1989 p87 [17] Leisure in society, A network structural perspective by Patricia A Stokoswki. Published by Mansell 1994 p112 [18] At least not in any meaningful way as we have seen in the above example, from Clarke and Critcher, the very entry into the market process taints any action with is ideological stigma. [19] Leisure and Feminist Theory by B Wearing. Published by Sage 1998 [20] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 [21] Black feminist thought by P H Collins. Published by Routledge 1990 [22] Gender trouble by Judith Butler. Published by Routledge 1999 p6 Case Study: Socio-Economic Influences on Health Case Study: Socio-Economic Influences on Health Zivile Mikucioniene Introduction In the year 2005 the health promotion has been defined by World Health Organization. This program enables people to pose control over their health and its determinants. Through a healthy public policy the health promotion program can be occurred. Income, employment, housing, food security and quality working conditions are the basics of public policy. Recently this program is initiated in UK. It shows that there is a relationship between health promotion and social marketing. The potentiality of the integrative nature of the approaches has been highlighted and reinforced. By the time beings the program is developing and involving leanings of different sectors. The UK is integrating the elements of effective health promotion approaches with pertinent learning from social marketing and other disciplines and has adopted holistic approach. Task-1A LO1.1 The effects of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health The health issues are closely related with the factors of socio-economy. The factors have a great effect on health. Income is considered as a factor of health and if income is low the health will be poor. Moreover, health will also be better, when the income is higher. The factors are income and social status, physical environment, education, genetics, gender, social support networks and health services. Mary is a pregnant woman working in a supermarket in her city. As her income is not sufficient for keeping good health, she suffers from many problems. The effects of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health are many. The impacts of socio-economic influences on Mary’s health are: Social support networks: Social support networks of Mary were not good. For this reason, she could not maintain the socio-economic influences. Low income: Mary’s income was low. For this the low income have a great impact of socio-economy as well as on her health. Education: Mary was not so much well educated. So, she can’t influence the socio-economic factors. Genetics: As a woman Mary has some limitations. She can’t move to all side because of her pregnancy. LO1.2 The significance of government sources in reporting on inequalities in health Government research says that adverse environmental conditions create some significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities. As a professional woman Mary is facing some socioeconomic inequalities regarding health. In the light of government reports Mary is facing the following inequalities- Social inequalities related to ambient air quality There is an inconsistent relationship between exposure to socioeconomic status and air pollution. In some cases, the socioeconomic groups are in vulnerable position than the affluent group who are at higher risk. Factors affecting this include pre-existing health conditions, cumulative exposures and differential housing affordability in different geographical areas. Social inequalities associated with housing and residential location Most research identified people as being more at risk of exposure to environmental hazards, both within the dwelling, chemical and biological contamination, temperature, noise, sanitary equipment and in the inhabited are from lower socioeconomic groups. Gender inequalities Gender inequality is a great issue regarding health. Biological and social factors influence the way in which environmental factors influence health. Women are restricted in some ways such as in workplace or in society and these restrictions create inequalities. Social inequalities in the working environment and work related health risk Occupational life is quite related with health. The grade of employment, job control, job demands and economic rewards are the different aspects influencing professional life. The education and income as well as other factors like unemployment, immigration status, ethnicity and gender are the occupational factors that influence health condition. Education inequalities Education is somehow related to health. It is education which helps people to get a better job and be on a better financial position. But Mary is not highly educated as she quit school at the age of 15. That’s why it is quite difficult to get a good job and lead a better and healthy life for her. Financial inequalities Researches says that women are incoming low than men. As income is quite related to health so women are getting unequal services than men. In Mary’s case she works on a supermarket 16 hours a week. That is not a high profile job and she doesn’t get a very handsome amount as a salary. So it is quite difficult for her to get a better health care for her and her baby. Government research found out the aspects of socioeconomic inequalities which help to create a social awareness. The above aspects are quite related to Mary’s condition and we must say she is adversely affected by socioeconomic inequality. LO1.3 The reasons and the possible barriers for Mary accessing health care Health care is very essential for everyone because we all know ‘health is wealth’. The objectives of accessing health care are prevention of disease and disability, overall physical, social, and mental health status, quality of life, detection and treatment of health conditions, life expectancy, preventable death,. There are several reasons behind Mary’s accessing in health care. Under pregnant condition Mary used to smoke for that reason her physical condition was not good. Besides, she tried to change her lifestyle. Moreover, she wants to take care of her health. There are some barriers to Mary’s accessing health care. For those barriers she has problem to take health care. Some of the main barriers of Mary’s accessing health care are: Geographical barriers: Because the distance of Health care centre Mary can’t go to the Heath care centre. Cultural barriers: For the cultural barriers Mary can’t go to the Heath care centre. Financial barriers: Financial ability or condition of Mary was not good. For the high cost of health care Mary can’t access to this. There are also some reasons and barriers for Mary to go to the health care Centre. But these are the main reasons and barriers behind accessing health care. Task-1B LO2.1 the links between government strategies and models of health promotion Government plays an important role to improve the health care service of the country. They took improve the health condition of the countrymen and prevent the adverse effect of socioeconomic inequalities. There are also some models which are developed to provide better health care. However there are some links between the government strategies and models. We identify some relations between them shown as follows- Encourage cessation of smoking. To ensure health service for every class of people such as low income people, affluent group. There are some initiatives taken to deal with social problems and health inequalities according to health promotion model. Bring out the socioeconomic group from vulnerable position. Make sure that no gender inequalities can lead any inconvenience to take health service. Make a healthy living for the citizens for the purpose of living a healthy life. It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. No inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. And these encourage proper care and treatment for the pregnant women. And these strongly discourage smoking as well so that no people die in cancer. LO2.2The role of different professionals in health and social care have on meeting health promotion targets set by government There are many professionals who help the government to go to the targets of health promotions. The role of different professionals in health and social care are many for health promotion. The professionals help or support is much more important for the government to go through the goals. Nursing and Midwifery Council guidelines help Mary to protect her confidentiality. Mary gets the extra benefits from the professionals to the health promotions. Those professionals help Mary to take health care for meeting health promotion targets set by the government. There are many roles performed by the different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. They are as follow: Help to cure the diseases Help to prevent from diseases Help for nursing in time of pregnancy Help economically Help to minimize risk Help to get ride of poverty These are the roles played by different professionals in health and social care for meeting the health promotion targets set by the government. LO2.3 The role of routines in promoting healthy living with respect to Mary Healthy living is the pre-condition for the self-development of any person. Mary has a unborn child as she is pregnant. It is more important for the woman with a unborn child. A routine life is the pre-condition, to maintain a healthy body or to prevent from any diseases. Mary must follow a routine to protect herself as well as her unborn child as she is a pregnant woman. Mary should not smoke specially at her pregnancy period because it can harm herself and mostly her unborn child. She may lose her health and her unborn child may also be affected to the diseases, if she does so. She can be healthy and can protect her unborn baby, by following the routine. Otherwise, she may get sick or her child may also be sick. At last we can say to maintain a healthy life Mary can follow a routine which can help Mary to prevent from any kind of diseases. The unborn child may also be safe from the routine life like not smoking in the pregnancy time. Because, smoking can harm Mary as well as her unborn child. Task-2 LO3.1 The theories of health behavior and health beliefs transformation into behavior There are many theories of health behavior in health promotion sectors. Some of the important theories of health behavior are as follows: Organizational change theory Community organization theory Diffusion of innovations theory Theory of planned behavior Social learning/ social cognitive theory Theory of reasoned action These theories are more often used in transformation of the health beliefs into the behavior. Mary believes those health beliefs and does her duties and maintains her lifestyle in the following ways. Those health beliefs once may go to the behavior of her. These theories transform Mary’s health beliefs to her behavior. After all we find that through the health beliefs Mary makes it to the behavior of herself. Mary’s health behavior theories can transform the health beliefs into the behavior. LO3.2 the potential effects of conflicts with local industry on health promotion Government earns from various sources. Tax from local tobacco industry is one of those sources. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. With millions of their customers either dying from tobacco-related illnesses or quitting each year, it is critical for the tobacco industry to keep recruiting new smokers. There is an obvious conflict while government earning from the tobacco industry and on the other side initiating health promotion program which is strongly discouraging tobacco business. As we know from the case that Mary is a smoker. From the view of national economy it is contributing in the national economy. But it is so much injurious to health and causes cancer. It is also detrimental to her unborn child. The health promotion program is initiated to discourage all activities that harmful to health. It encouraging the prevention of all inequalities that Mary face while accessing to health care. It strongly encourages cessation of smoking. There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is growing. The health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. But it provides a segment of government income every year through taxation. If the promotion program continues than the government income source will be narrowed. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great risk for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a lowest level and make them aware of the bad effect of smoking. LO3.3 The importance of providing relevant health related information to the public The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Mary is a pregnant woman lives in UK. So the government and the authorities should provide her all health related information to avoid any kinds of health hazards. For example health related information can make the health of Mary sounder than anything else. So it is more important for Mary to get the proper health related information. Another example can be that, if proper health related information would available to Mary before her pregnancy, she would not go to such awful habits like smoking cause, it is more harmful for her to pregnancy. Therefore, she would get the defensive measures to prevent any diseases and her unborn child health. At last we see that information is more important for keeping better health for any pregnant woman like Mary. That’s why Mary should be provided with the relevant health related information by those of the authorities. Task-3 LO4.1 understanding of health promotion and ability to plan a specific health promotion campaign This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. It is clear that there are several links between government strategies and models of health promotion. These all indicates that people of different class are equal in getting health care services. So no inequalities should be practiced in case of health care service. Nobody should face inequalities in case of health service, no matter who he or she is. There are more than one billion smokers in the world and globally this number is increasing. But it provides a portion of government income every year through taxation. So the health promotion program is trying to prevent the tobacco business. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. LO4.2 Health promotion campaign supports government health promotion strategies This health promotion campaign supports all the government health promotion strategies. The government and other authorities should provide the relevant health related information to the public. So that the people can be aware about their health and they may take care of their health as well as health promotions. Government research says that there are significant social inequalities in exposure to and disease from adverse environmental conditions. These inequalities exist at many levels, between countries, within countries and within communities. Task 4: Self Evaluation: I take help from the internet and books to complete the assignment. The assignment helps me a lot to understand the health promotion issues. I use the Wikipedia and many others web site to find the data of the assignment. I have completed the assignment by myself. . I usually find the data of the assignment from the UK health promotion bureau. This work will help me to understand the health promotion. This will also help me to plan for a specific health promotion campaign. I see that it is more important to be more aware about the health issue to keep fit and be healthy. If it happens than the government income source will be lessened. But if smoking cannot be prevented then it will remain a great threat for human health. A portion of this income comes from the local tobacco industries. So it contributes in the national economy. On the other hand government initiates health promotion program which encourage cessation of smoking. That means there is an inevitable conflict between this two. So it is better to bring the number of smoker to a minimum level and make them aware of the adverse effect of smoking. There are many sources of income of government. That means that this assignment helps me to find the ultimate benefit and understanding about the health promotion sector. Conclusion Health promotion program is a very important issue. Mary’s health promotion is basically more important for her to maintain her health and her unborn child care. The promotional activities are also an important activity for anyone to follow. References World health organization(1986). WHO, Geneva. Ottawa charter on health promotion In Davies, J, and MacDonald, G, (eds) Quality, health promotion: Striving for Certainties. pp-5-11 Epp , J. (1986) Evidence, and Effectiveness in Health Promotion: Striving for Certainties, Routledge, London, UK, pp, 5-18 MacDonald, G. and Davies, J. (1998) Reflection And vision: Proving and improving the promotion of health. Rapfael, D. (2000) The question of evidence in health promotion. Health Promotion International

In Our Time Reader Response :: time

In Our Time Reader Response "In the early morning on the lake sitting in the stern of the boat with his father rowing, he felt quite sure that he would never die" (19). The first four readings of In Our Time seem to be primarily focused on the life/death relationship that life presents. After reading the first story, I have to be perfectly honest in saying that I do not believe that I understood all of the underlining themes, but did start to focus more intently when the story describes the women on the pier with the dead babies. Automatically, this imagery made me think of the response passage from this set of reading. Denying oneself that death exists and that it, ultimately, a part of everyone's life seemed to be a common philosophic element that both of the stories possessed. Just as Nick reassured himself that the inevitable would never to him, the women on the pier with their six-day-dead (!) babies that "wouldn't give them up". I think that the connection to Hemingway's life in these elements possibly show or admit the Lost Generation's tendency to deny to themselves that they were susceptible to harm and death. An example of this is the char acter in Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road tended to lead a free and reckless lifestyle of drugs, partying, and freedom that seemed to have no limits or consequences. Another example of the life/death relationship that seems to be exemplified in the first four pieces of Hemingway's novel is the conflicts that arise during Indian Camp. Rather than Nick expressing the sole fact that he believes he is not going to die, I believe that, because of his father, he misunderstood the concept of dying. I believe that the passage that stated, "he felt quite sure that he would never die" was essentially a reaction to the pregnant woman's husband's suicide. Because that was the topic that arose during the story, I believe that Nick interpreted the situation that "death" was equal to "suicide" and, in believing that he would never commit suicide, ultimately believes that he will, thus, never die. I also believe that there is significance in the way in which Nick's father spoke to him while performing the C-section on the woman. He said something along the lines of "you can watch this or not" meaning that, even I Nick didn't watch his father perform the surgery, it was still taking place and, thus, just a part or fact of life.

Articles Of Confederation Essay -- essays research papers

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an ineffective government, however there were some strong steps taken in the articles to try and make the United States a better country. The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government, known as Congress. Some actions taken by Congress, such as the Treaty of Paris, and certain powers that were given to them were sometimes beneficial to the United States. Nevertheless, in attempting to limit the power of the central government, the Second Continental Congress created one without sufficient power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes. In the long run, the Articles of Confederation was a shot in the arm for the United States. The Articles of Confederation arranged a n ational government that would consist of a single house of Congress, where each state would have one vote. Congress had the power to set up a postal department, to estimate the costs of the government and request donations from the states, and to raise armed forces. Congress could also borrow money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. With this power, Congress was able to make the Articles of Confederation look good by signing the Treaty of Paris in ...

Metabical Case Essay

Metabical is revolutionary product and forecasted to be the first FDA approved prescriptive drug for overweight individuals with weight-loss goals. The previous prescriptive drugs have a negative side effects that out weighed its positives. Metabical, on the other hand, did not display as many negative effects in its trail runs and thus was being strongly endorsed by the medical community. The current weight-loss drugs can be classified as prescriptive drugs or over the counter remedies. OTC drugs were not as a popular among overweight individuals due to lack of regulation and safety concerns. OTC drugs lost out to diet plans, exercise plans and meal replacement/ weight management products, as they were safer options. The only drug that was approved by the FDA for over-weight individuals was Alli. Alli used to block the body’s absorption of fat, leading to weight loss. However, it had a lot of side effects, which could cause dangerous medical situations. Metabical, on the other hand, was a dual layer, controlled release formulation. It acted as an appetite suppressant and also had a fat blocker and calorie absorption agent. The over-all product was far superior in achieving weight-loss, over its competitors, for over weight indiciduals but not for obese and severely obsess individuals. Therefore, Merabical was aunique product, which was focuses towards a particular segment of the market, the over weight segment. It was the first of its kind and had that advantage. There were other products, but they were not as popular in the market segment Metabical was targeting. It was pictured as a low-risk, high returns drug and had built good support in the medical community, who were needed to prescribe this drug. 2. What are the pros & cons of the forecasting methods presented by Printup? If you had to estimate demand for this product, how would you go about it? What would your demand (unit) forecast look like for the first 5 years? Answer: In her first approach forecasted demand by looking at the number of overweight individuals in the United States and narrowing down that population to those who were actively trying to lose weight. She felt those potential users should be narrowed to the 15% of those who were comfortable  with weight-loss drugs. The second approach specifically addressed consumer interest in a prescription weight-loss drug for the overweight and 12% were ready to go to their health care provider to request a prescription. The third approach was the target market. Even though Metabical would be attractive to all overweight individuals, Printup established a primary target for the purpose of developing a communications strategy. The ideal Metabical consumer was found to be overweight females, age 35 to 65, who were college-educated. All those three methods seem well-structured and provide the reasonable ways to project the demand for Metabical. However, the problem was method one and three were based on assumptions. Before making any recommendations, she must explore and analyse the assumptions to see if it’s true. She must also guarantee that the three models must be achievable before proceeding in with the new product. Focus not only on the ideal target market, statistics says more males would be interested in weight loss products, therefore it would be better if Printup could expand the target market. I would probably recommend to go for the third forecast as dataonly focused on our targeted market. In five year there would be about 50% of targeted population captured in this market. 3. What considerations should be taken into account when making decisions about the package count? What package size would you recommend? Answer:   Printup said that the standards for prescription drug dosing rang from one week supply to a three month supply. The 12 week pricing tag would be too much for some targeted individuals financially. They must have a breakeven/ balance for the pricing and the 12 week supply of the weight loss drug. (ie. You will be able to achieve optimal weight loss within 12 weeks of the drug, however paying for 12 weeks of the product is out of some people’s wage.) In the case, Printup decided that the design of the packaging should be â€Å"blister† style package, which will allow patients to see each pill and keep track of the dosing. So I think the best strategy is the 4 week to 6 week package that could allow patients to refill once or twice.

Spectroscopic Determination of Iron with Phenanthroline

Experiment A Spectroscopic determination of Iron with Phenanthroline Unknown # 2 Mass of Mohr’s Salt: 0. 2040 1. 5mL of 6M acetic acid was measured and transferred into a 100mL volumetric flask with a pipette and diluted to the mark. Concentration= [0. 2040(Â ±0. 0001)g/100(Â ±0. 08)mL]*[(1mol/392. 16g)/(1L/1000mL)] = 0. 005202(Â ±0. 09382%) = 0. 005202(Â ±0. 000005)mol/L 2. 10mL of the above stock solution was transferred to a 250 mL volumetric flask and diluted to the mark. Concentration= [0. 005202(Â ±0. 9382%)mol/L]*[10(Â ±0. 02)mL/250(Â ±0. 12mL)] = 0. 00020808(Â ±0. 22607%) = 0. 00020808(Â ±0. 0000005)mol/L 3. Standard error of burette is 0. 02mL in every reading. Solution| Desired Volume| Absorption 1| Absorption 2| Average Absorption| Standard 1| 30| 0. 662| 0. 664| 0. 662| Standard 2| 25| 0. 544| 0. 546| 0. 545| Standard 3| 20| 0. 43| 0. 434| 0. 432| Standard 4| 15| 0. 317| 0. 309| 0. 313| Standard 5| 10| 0. 222| 0. 217| 0. 2195| Standard 6| 5| 0. 113| 0. 112 | 0. 1125| Unknown 1| | | | 0. 096| Unknown 2| | | | | 4.Sample standard concentration calculation with standard 1, Concentration= [30(Â ±0. 02)mL/100(Â ±0. 08)mL]*[0. 00020808(Â ±0. 0000005)mol/L] = 0. 000062424(Â ±0. 2807%) = 0. 000062424(Â ±0. 0000002) 5. From the Calibration curve of Absorbance Vs Concentration, we know the equation of the graph is : y = 10553. 63(Â ±190. 5558)x – 0. 00363(Â ±0. 007721) Where, y is the absorbance and x is the concentration. We know the absorbance of the unknown is 0. 096. Therefore, 0. 096 = 10553. 63(Â ±190. 5558)x – 0. 00363(Â ±0. 007721) x= [0. 096+0. 00363(Â ±0. 07721)]/ [10553. 63(Â ±190. 5558)] = 0. 00000944(Â ±7. 957%) = 0. 0000094(Â ±0. 0000008) 6. Standard Concentrations| Uncertainties| Average Absorbencies| 0. 000062424| 0. 0000002| 0. 662| 0. 00005202| 0. 00000013| 0. 545| 0. 000041616| 0. 000000108| 0. 432| 0. 000031212| 0. 00000007| 0. 313| 0. 000020808| 0. 00000006| 0. 2195| 0. 000010404| 0. 00000005| 0. 1125| SUMMARY OUTPUT| Column1| Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 999348603| R Square| 0. 99869763| Adjusted R Square| 0. 998372037| Standard Error| 0. 008293572| Observations| 6|ANOVA| Column1| Column2| Column3| Column4| Column5| | df| SS| MS| F| Significance F| Regression| 1| 0. 2109807| 0. 2109807| 3067. 32299| 6. 3634E-07| Residual| 4| 0. 000275133| 6. 8783E-05| | | Total| 5| 0. 211255833| | | | Column1| Coefficients| Standard Error| t Stat| P-value| Lower 95%| Upper 95%| Lower 95. 0%| Upper 95. 0%| Intercept| -0. 003633333| 0. 007720895| -0. 4705845| 0. 66245106| -0. 025069975| 0. 017803308| -0. 025069975| 0. 017803308| X Variable 1| 10553. 63322| 190. 5558304| 55. 3834181| 6. 3634E-07| 10024. 56542| 11082. 0102| 10024. 56542| 11082. 70102| 7. Isobestic point is a specific wavelength at which two chemical species have the same molar absorptivity. A pair of substances can have several isobestic points in their spectra. In a 1-to-1 chemical reaction that involves a pair of sub stances with an isobestic point, as long as the sum of the concentrations of the two molecular entities in the solution is held constant there will be no change in absorbance at this wavelength as the ratio of the concentrations of the two entities are varied.This is because the two substances absorb light of that specific wavelength to the same extent. We do not observe any isobestic point in this experiment because we did not scan through the entire spectrum but rather chose a wavelength at which the species have different molar absorptivity. Besides, if we were working with an isobestic point, we would not be able to obtain changes in absorption with changing ratios of concentrations. 8. Transmittance is the ratio of the radiation falling upon a material, to the radiation transmitted through a material.Absorbance is negative logarithm of transmittance. Molar absorptivity is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength. From Beer’s la w we know that, A=? bc. Therefore the absorbance is proportional to the concentration. 9. A solution of Fe34- would show a violet-blue color at an absorbance maximum of 562. And if the absorbance maximum were 414, a green-yellow color would be observed. The spectra for absorbance maximum 562 are sketched in the following: The spectra for absorbance maximum 414 are sketched in the following: 10.There could be instrument related sources of error. Stray light could be a problem since the detector responds to all the light that reaches it. In liquids, the extinction coefficient usually changes slowly with wavelength, which could add to the possible errors. There could be errors from the measurement uncertainty of the results. There could also be errors while preparations of the standards, due to presence of impurities in the apparatus which may lead to discrepancy in the calculation of the concentration. 11. Van De Water, Leon G. A; Jaap A. Bergwerff, T.Alexander Nijhuis. UV-Vis Microsp ectroscopy: Probing the Initial Stages of Supported Metal Oxide Catalyst Preparation. J. Am. Chem Soc. 2005, 127(14), pp 5-24-2025. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO host. University of Minnesota Lib. Twin Cities. Minneapolis. MN. 05/02/12. In this article UV-Vis microscopy is used to monitor macro distribution and speciation of the catalyst precursor species. Through this experiment more detailed information on the structure-function correlation of the catalytic material is obtained. Koeppet, Benjamin; Tolstoy, Peter M; Limbach, Hans-Heinrich.Reaction Pathways of Proton Transfer in Hydrogen-Bonded Phenol Carboxylate Complexes Explored by Combined UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 113(20), pp7897-7908. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO host. University of Minnesota Lib. Twin Cities. Minneapolis. MN. 05/02/12. In this article better insight about the tautomeric states of the H bonded anions, and the solvent configurations were obtained from UV-vis time scale. The UV-vis absorptions were broadened inhomogeneously because of distribution of the H-bond geometries from the different solvents.