Math Curriculum Reform Issue

Among the subjects learnt by students, Mathematics is among the subjects that are unpopular among the students. They perceive it a very hard subject especially to girls who think the subject should be reserved for boys. However, mathematics learning will be increased by the proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1989. The curriculum proposed is very comprehensive and is likely to improve mathematics performance that has deteriorated for sometime now. One of the most important aspects that has contributed to student performance as a result of proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in 1989 was due to emphasis the curriculum has put on geometry and spatial. Learning of Geometry has developed student’s understanding and appreciation as far as world’s geometric concepts are concerned. As far as children are concerned, they develop and enhance their ability to learn measurement ideas and learn number. These concepts also help students to be able to understand advanced mathematics that are learnt at higher levels. [1] Another most important concept that has improved student performance in Mathematics is because Geometry is introduced from Pre K to 12. It is very important for people to support the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics that was introduced in 1989 since it enhanced students’ performance in the subject. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum has promoted egalitarianism among the students as this was the main aim and objective of its development. The proposed Mathematics by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics is due to the fact that the ability of the student to be able to solve problems after studying the Mathematics. This is because, in the current world for one to survive comfortably, one has to go with the technology which is comes hand in hand with knowledge of Mathematics. The curriculum proposed is likely to promote student’s learning skill since they removed basic skills that were unnecessary and instead they focused on most important issues since they knew calculator and computers would eliminate calculation which is tedious. Another issue that can make us to support the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics curriculum is that previously, the curriculum had not been focused on all students as it had only focused on analytical, deductive and linear analytical that only met White (Anglo) learning style. For this case, the main aim and objective of the proposed National Council of Teachers of Mathematics was to develop a comprehensive curriculum that would cater for the needs of all students. [2] Currently, student performance in Mathematics has improved and the subject is no longer perceived as a hard subject like it used to be previously. The subject is now popular even to girls and it is should be encouraged since knowledge in Mathematics enhances understanding of other subjects. References National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989): Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991): Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks – In Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Â   Â   [1] National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989): Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM. [2] National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991): Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks in Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (p. 25). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Â   Â  

Music: History of Dance and Hip Hop Routines

Dance Is movement to sounds made by Instruments, vocals or musical recordings. It Includes HIP Hop, Ballet, Ballroom and other styles. Some forms such as Ballet, Modern and Jazz require years of training as the dancer tries to perfect the many techniques involved. People dance to various types of music such as country, rock, disco, classical and coca. Have been formally training in the Hip Hop style of dance for the last year and a half. Dancing uses my whole body and brain and has many wonderful effects on my life. Firstly dance helps me think logically, carefully and concentrate well. While learningHip Hop routines, I have no choice but to process information quickly and recall what has been taught. For this I have been able to successfully prepare for my S. E. A exam thereby remembering Information easily. Dancing Is a great form of exercise for me. Dance Improves how my body moves and It Is very good for my health as I burn lots of calories. It helps me have control over my body as I become for flexible and agile. The fast upbeat music gets my heart racing, creates extra energy and gets me moving. So, I am able to stay fit and healthy because of dance. Next dance allows me to invent things and express my creativity.During the cipher moves, I am allowed to use what I have been taught in class as well as my own ideas to come up with my own creative moves. I feel a sense of accomplishment when I am done. Dance allows me to be stress free and relaxed. It takes my mind offshoot work, chores and bad people. I only think about happy and pleasant things when I dance. Dance brings excitement to my life. Whenever my mother Is stressed, she turns up the music, grabs me and we Tango in the middle of our living room. My friends and I have a place to socialize with each other and have lots of fun while e dance.We amuse each other, entertain people and this brings me tremendous joy. Dance helps me make friends wherever we go since it is a common language. Finally dance be longs to all cultures. In Trinidad and Tobago dance is a part of many different activities such as Carnival, Independence celebrations, Cultural and religious events. As such, when I dance I feel I am more a part of my culture. I can relate more to my country and I feel a sense of belonging. Without dance my life as well as the lives of many people would be totally different positively affected by dance.

Managing Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing Diversity - Essay Example personality and even income and marital status all differ from person to person (Ironson, et al., 1989) This paper would like to focus on managing diversity in these organizations, and how the members belonging to such organizations manage to deal with their differences, along with the differences of others. Through this paper, the writer would like to investigate how organizations are structured in such a way that its members are all respected and valued. Furthermore, the writer would also like to study the positive and negative effects of diversity issues, and the controversies that surround it. Â   The concept of managing diversity in an organization basically focuses on strategies that can be taken in order to create a positive work environment for a diverse group of people. Differences between individuals tend to create problems in an organization because it is a given fact that two people cannot possibly be alike in all aspects (Child, 1973) Therefore, this could result in poor production of work and could possibly hinder or slow down progress within an organization. In the workplace, diversity could mean issues regarding discrimination against individuals, which naturally, could lead to problems within the organization, as a result of conflicts that could occur. In the United States, the 1970’s saw a need for a federal enforcement of equal employment opportunity, or EEO and affirmative action, or AA law that was intended to abolish discrimination in the workplace. Affirmative action would refer to policies that provide equal opportunities to individuals regardless of their race, gender and ethnicity. These policies are not limited to the workplace but also extend towards educational institutions and as well as health care programs and facilities. The aim of such programs were to show the Americans the importance of social equality among its people and the others who have chosen to consider America as their home. Furthermore, the programs were aimed to

Online Versus Offline Phone Accessories Sales Dissertation

Online Versus Offline Phone Accessories Sales - Dissertation Example The purpose of the study was to establish the level of sales that can be realized for both online and offline phone accessories dealers in UK. Data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were given to 50 participants. The participants were 18 years and above. The study findings showed that despite various challenges that were encountered by numerous participants, information relative to the level of sales was obtained. In addition, there was a positive correlation established between the level of income and the sales level. On a similar note, the study revealed that there is a positive relation between the level of online and offline sales and both short and long-term positive effects attributed to the overall economic growth. Further, study indicated a positive correlation between the price index and the money circulation constraints, which poses a big challenge for those aspiring to own phone accessories businesses. In essence, the results indicate that the variati ons in financing constraints have only limited results on phone accessories sales prices. In the case of the retailers who are poor, the effect of calming down the borrowing challenge on the cost of accessories will be absorbed by the exchange of own phone accessories businesses into public own businesses. Analysis and processing of data involved a number of operations performed with the aim of summarizing the data collected and organizing them to answer the questions of the research (Menard 2008).

Got milk Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Got milk - Case Study Example The business will also lose its operating license and in the process face prosecution for not maintaining health standards in the production of food products. The management of the business and in particular the procurement department should be help responsible when products are manufactured by using contaminated milk. The procurement department should be held liable since they are charged with the task of acquiring and testing raw products (Hartley & Bruckmann, 2002). A CRM system would have been very useful in the process of communicating issues regarding milk production in the supply chain. A CRM would have helped in learning all aspects of a customer’s behaviors and needs, and use this information for better company management that is performing damage control. Through a CRM, the management of a milk production company can embark on damage control by informing customers on the problem that has occurred during the production process. The management will have to provide an official apology to customers this will send a signal to customers that the management is truly sorry about the unfortunate situation. A company would also perform an effective damage control using the CRM, by offering efficient customer service and providing customers with high standardized milk products (Hartley & Bruckmann, 2002). As much as maintain ethical behavior is important, respect for human life is equally important. I do not agree with the act of sentencing the middlemen to death. The middlemen would have been sentenced to prison as the dairy boss was sentence to life imprisonment. The act of sentencing to death is very extreme. The court would have opted for a different form of sentencing instead of death sentences. The United States is governed by a democratic government, and in essence, it should not consider implementing similar laws as those of

Analysis and design of concrete pavements Research Paper

Analysis and design of concrete pavements - Research Paper Example Concrete pavements are durable surfaces that are laid down on roads and walkways primarily to sustain vehicular or foot traffic. Throughout the history, Concrete has always been as one of the most durable, cheap and reliable materials for conventional pavements found in the highways, streets, airports as well as residential and business parking areas. This is particularly attributed to the various properties of Concrete such as workability, strength and durability. For example, apart from offering the best riding surface, concrete is also widely believed to be economical, durable and sustainable solution for most surfaces (Shackel, 2008) Generally, there are currently two main methods of making concrete pavements namely the slip form and the fixed form paving. In the slipform paving method, machine usually rides on the treads over a particular area to be paved before fresh concrete is deposited on the paved surface. Next, a paving machine is then used to spread, screed and consolidate the concrete into a continuous operation. On the other hand, fixed-form paving involves setting and aligning stationary metal forms on solid foundation and then rigidly staking them. Concrete is then spread using a mechanical spreader before it is consolidated, finished and cured. After putting the finish to the concrete pavements, joints are should be created in order to help control cracking as well as to provide a system of relief for the potential concrete expansion due to moisture or temperature changes. In most cases, joints are usually created by sawing. Lastly, the surface is then textured before the concrete is completely dry in order to provide some form of skid resistance. Thickness of concrete pavements should be designed such that the stress and strains developed is less than allow able measurements gotten from prior performance information. The design of the pavement must keep moisture out of the sub base, capping, and subgrade

Oil Business and Power in Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oil Business and Power in Middle East - Essay Example These major oil exporting countries were undeveloped and poor before the discovery of oil. There was deficiency of money as well as technology necessary for mining and marketing the oil therefore the developed and well industrialized countries of the world took advantage of that situation and offered help for exploring the areas likely to enclose larger oil reservoirs. The Government of indigent Middle East countries made several agreements with these stable countries and allowed them to mine the oil resources. The oil business persuaded foreign intercession and it resulted in political stability among these nations (Bird, and Brown). Development in social condition in Middle East countries has been observed since after the expansion of oil business and power. The regime of oil exporting Middle East states spend the per annum yield of petroleum trade on the financial stability of the country. In addition to it, the profit from oil export increases the net income of citizens and it ul timately results in raising the living standards of common man.

Readings and respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Readings and respond - Essay Example The statement the â€Å"end of living and the beginning of survival† (Speech by Chief Seattle 1) which was quipped by Chief Seattle could mean that if the white people would continue to treat the world as their enemy, where land is to be purchased, conquered, and used; then, left with wanton disregard to its state or condition, it could simply indicate the end of life. When all living things have been exhausted for the personal use of man, as perceived to be the purpose of the white people, then, life would start to be difficult and challenging – and thus, it would signify the need to exert strenuous efforts just to survive. One strongly believes that the reliability and credibility of the information contained in the speech was validated due to the fact that it was created by a Native American, who communicated the thoughts, beliefs, and sentiments according to personal experience. As such, it was effective in winning the sympathy for Native American hardship in the 19th century due to the credibility of the speaker and the ability to impart what are the true sentiments and meaning of the land to the Native Americans. Otherwise, if someone, other than a Native American would create the speech, it would not have been as effective as

Reflection Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflection - Coursework Example One way of organizing the varied components in an essay may have to do with the course affiliated to by the line of reasoning resorted to by the writer, as in persuasive and opinion essays. In that context, an essay may follow a general-to-particular or a particular-to-general format of organization. The essential thing about the general-to-particular form of organization is that it allows the essay writer to carry the strain of thoughts imminent in the essay from broad and expansive generalizations, to specific and concrete conclusions. In other words the writer here begins with a general body of facts and then keeps on chiseling and paring it to facilitate its culmination into a reliable and effective conclusion. Thereby, the particular-to-general mode of organization is the one in which where a writer begins one’s line of reasoning from a specific fact or information and then moves on to broaden the scope of that specific fact to support a more generalized view of things. B oth these modes of essay organization do come in handy in essays driven by reason and logic. Every student of English does know that many a times one has to write an essay which is not merely reason based, but does also have an essential plot and landscape associated with it. That is such essays do contain much material pertaining to human characters, incidents and aspects of landscape like buildings, structures, vegetation, etc. Thereby, chronological order and spatial order here help the essay writer to arrange the elements of plot and landscape in an essay in a coherent and concise manner. Chronological order is a mode of essay organization in which the incidents, occurring, eras in an essay are arranged in consonance with a linear time order, which may flow from past to present or from present to past. Contrary to this, the spatial order takes care of the varied details of the landscape presented in an essay, as they exist in space. Such a form of organization may present the varied

What is the role of celebrity endorsement in media communication Essay

What is the role of celebrity endorsement in media communication - Essay Example e recent past as a result of being endorsed by many different companies and corporations to advertise their products and introduce different brands to the market place. The essay will examine the role of these celebrity endorsements to the media communication and how all these can be of benefit to the companies and the general public. Endorsement is the act of picking up an individual to promote a particular brand using different media channels. This is majorly used as a marketing technique but what matters most is the media channel used to carry out the endorsement communication. If the wrong form of media is chosen such as radio and which many people do not listen to, whatever is being endorsed is bound to fail to attract the targeted people (Okorie, Oyedepo & Akhidenor, 2012). Celebrities are being endorsed to carry out the advertisements. Their use is much more effective than regular people as they have large followers worldwide. These celebrities include athletes, movie stars; reality shows stars, famous business personalities and musicians among other celebrities. It is guaranteed that with their endorsement, they are bound to attract an even larger following and whatever they have endorsed will accepted by the people. When choosing the celebrities to use to endorse whatever product is being advertised, it is important to look at their media usage and the following they have on each of these media particularly the social media. This is important because celebrities are endorsed with a lot of money even millions of dollars and hence it is important to know that the people are getting their money’s worth. According to research by (Chan, Leung Ng & Luk, 2013), most companies target young adults as they are the ones who are most likely to identify with the celebrities and they find these celebrities appealing. Media communication refers to exchange of information from one person to another or to a group of people for the purpose of passing on a message. In

Learning Team Collaboration Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Learning Team Collaboration Worksheet Essay 1. What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? The point of any collaboration is to bring together different ideas for one solution. By exchanging opinions, everyone can decide what works best for the group. When too many like minded people come together, they dole out the same product. If a group contains all organizers or thinkers, they might have a 10 page paper of all conflicting ideas because they couldn’t agree on one topic. History’s bloodiest events usually started with one group of likeminded people pushing their ideas onto the rest of the world. 2. How might factors such as learning and work styles affect your team’s collaboration? Having a diverse set of people in a group can only improve it. Thinkers can look at a topic from all sides, which can help a team anticipate arguments and have an answer ready. Givers can be the voice of reason, helping the group stay on task when an organizer or thinker is stuck on a non consequential detail. Adventurers think outside the box, they may come up with the topic itself or can be counted on to liven up a stale presentation. Organizers are decisive; choosing what information stays, what gets tossed, where it fits, and how to best unify a paper. Like Henry Ford’s assembly line, each person has a role that has to be met for the product to be finished. 3. How can critical thinking improve your team’s collaboration? Being in a team can generate original and creative ideas, making for an interesting project. Critical thinking is the research and facts to uphold those ideas. This involves finding credible sources with valid facts. This question is kicking my butt! I’ll get it eventually. 4. What are methods for improving team writing? Prewriting is the longest step in the writing process, involving the overall topic of a project and all the research. This is where a team can contribute ideas and opinions, and a rough draft is formed. After this process is finished, the actual writing should be simple. The second draft could be written by one person to ensure that it stays in one voice throughout the paper. Then the team can review the draft and make changes as needed.

Summary Industrial Organization Essay Example for Free

Summary Industrial Organization Essay A perfectly competitive industry has 6 main characteristics: 1) large number of buyers and sellers 2) producers and consumers have perfect knowledge 3) the products sold by firms are identical 4) firms act independently and aim at maximizing profits 5) no entry or exit barriers 6) firms can sell as much output as they want at the current market price NEOCALSSICAL THEORY: Static conception, focus on long-run According to Schumpeter and the Austrian School, the fact that a firm earns an abnormal profit (monopoly) profit does not constitute evidence that the firm is guilty of abusing its market(monopoly) power at the expense of consumer: entrepreneur, creative destruction monopoly status is only a temporary phenomenon competition is a dynamic process Disequilibrium reflects imperfect information or ignorance on the part of buyers and sellers!! Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) Paradigm Structure is the central element. It influences conduct which in turn has an effect on the performance STRUCTURE Number and size of firms, entry conditions, product differentiation, vertical integration, diversification; fixed int he short-run CONDUCT Business objectives, pricing, design and branding, advertising and marketing, RD, collusion, merger; refers to the behaviour of a firm PERFORMANCE Profitability, growth, quality of products and services, technological service, productive and allocative efficiency; Chicago School about abnormal profit: causes may be cost advantage and superior efficiency STUDY CASE: EUROPEAN BANKING To prevent from damaging implications for consumer welfare, there can be interventions of the government. The government policy is regulatory intervention to promote competition and prevent abuses of market power preventing a horizontal merger, break up of a large incumbent producer price controls, punishment of unlawful collusions The Chicago School is a group of prominent academic lawyers and economists, whose promarket, pro-competition and anti-government views were perhaps of their most influencial during the 1970’s and 80’s Critics of the SCP Paradigm the theory does not always specify precise relationships between S, C, P variables it is often difficult to decide which variables belong to which category performance is only some measure of the degree of success in achieving desired goals the definition of market or industry structure has a number of dimensions danger of overemphasizing the role of concentration little comprehensive information is available on more subtle aspects of market structure and essentially no systematic data aside from accounting profit rates is available on conduct and performance relationships are oftein quite weak in terms of statistical significance no explanation is offered as to the evolution of the market structure variables, and the influence of the current co nduct and performance on future structure according to the collusion hypothesis, a positive association between concentration and profitability was interpreted as evidence of collusion or other abuses of market power designed to enhance profit according to the efficiency hypothesis (Chicago), a positive relationship between concentration and profitability reflects a natural tendency for efficient firms to be successful and to become dominant in their industries Strategic management: 5 forces model 1) Extent and intensity of competition 2) Threat of entrants 3) Threat of substitute products and services 4) Power of buyers 5) Power of suppliers Porter’s approach: static, underemphasises the problem of uncertainty caused by change in the competitive environment, competitive advantage is measured by the value the firm is able to create in excess of its costs, Porter introduces the concept of the value chain, which disaggregates the firm into its strategically relevant activities: Primary activities (physical creation of produt/service), Support activities (support primary activities and each other) each activity is linked to another, this approach examines how these links can be improved in order to increase margins on each of the firm’s products Kay argues that each individual firm is inherently different, and therefore dismisses the notion of generic strategies. Instead, firms develop distinctive capabilities in an ettempt to achieve competitive advantage. This shift away from analyzing the characteristics of the environment, and towards examining each firm’s unique attributes strategies mirrors the shift of emphasis away from structure and towards conduct that is imlicit in much of the NIO literature. Sources of distinctive capabilities: Innovation, architecture, reputation determinants of performance Firms can only maintain a competitive advantage if they can protect their strategies from imitation The strategic management approach has been criticized for placing insufficient emphasis on the interaction between firms at the level of the market or industry. Instead, the focus is mainly on strategic options available to the firm. †¢ Chapter 2: Microeconomic foundations: The short-run relationships between inputs, outputs and production cost is governed by the law of diminishing returns, and the long-run relation is governed by economies or diseconomies of scale!! The Production Function: q=f(L,K) inthe short run labor is variable but capital is fixed!!! Law of Diminishing Returns: As increasing quantities of labor are used in conjunction with a fixed quantity of capital, eventually the additional contribution that each successive unit of labor makes to total output starts to decline Marginal Product of Labor (MPL): It is the qunatity of additional output the firm obtains by employing an additional worker. Average Product of Labor (APL): It is the ratio of total output to quantity of labor employed. It is important to notice that APL is increasing whenever MPLAPL and APL is decreasing when MPL2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)=2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)1 price elastic sensitive quantity PED =1 unit price elasticity PED 0 for substitutes, 2: more weight to larger firms if for above average performers. †¢ Business unit effects form low performers o The new empirical industrial organization. The new empirical industrial organization shifts the focus from structures analysis to conduct analysis. It is grounded firmly in microeconomic (oligopoly) theory. NeIO makes direct observations of conduct in specific industries, and draws inferences about what these observed patters of conduct might mean for structure. The Rosse-Panzar revenue test is based on empirical observation of the impact on firm-level revenues of variations in the prices of the factors of production that are used as inputs in the production processes of a group of competing firms. The H-statistic is defined as sum of elastic ties if a firm’s total revenue w.r.t. each of its factor input prices. It differs under perfectly competitive, imperfectly competitive and monopolistic market conditions. See page 336 for graphs. If H = 1 conduct perfect competition If H O conduct monopoly If 0 H 1 conduct imperfect competition Empirical evidence: †¢ Commonly, price-setting behaviour in accordance with intermediate competition models is detected. Limits: †¢ Offers a determination of only what the market structure of degree of monopoly is not, and does not suggest what it is. o The persistence of profit Persistence of profit approach examines the time-series behaviour of firm-level profit dates. It suggest: profitability in more profitable industries tends to fall and profitability in less profitable industries tends to rise. tendency for profit rates to converge. supports the disequilibrium hypothesis. Firm level studies suggest there are significant differences between firms in long run equilibrium profit rates, and differences in the speed of convergence. Industry level studies: †¢ If current profitability is higher than expected, entry should take place causing profitability to fall and v. v. the empirical results suggest the process of adjustment towards l.r. equilibrium takes about four years. Industry level variables such as entry barriers, concentration and growth in demand determine the speed of adjustment. There is evidence of a tendency for profitability to persist, especially in highly concentrated industries. †¢ Firm level studies: o If competition is anything less then perfect, and there are barriers to entry, it may take some time for any abnormal profit to be eroded. s.r. profit persistence. o L.r. profit persistence: where there are barriers to entry, there no convergence of firm level rates towards a common l.r. average value. If some firms posses and are able to retain specialized knowledge or other advantage, theses firms may be able to earn profits that remain above the norm persistently, in the long run. o L.r. persistence refers to the degree of variation between firms in the l.r. average profit rates no convergence (empirical result) Part 3: analysis of firm strategy: †¢ Chapter 10: Pricing: o Critic of neoclassical theory: do firms have enough information to apply the profit maximization rule MR = MC? o Cost plus pricing Under cost plus pricing, the firm calculates or simply estimates its AVC and then sets it price by adding on a percentage mark-up that includes a contribution towards the firm’s fixed costs and a profit margin. P = (1+m)AVC This is simple to understand and can be implemented using less information. AVC is relatively flat over a relevant range of output levels; minor variations in the level of demand need not lead to changes in price. So it reduces consumer’s search costs and also reduces destructive price competition. The mark up determination appeals to a sense of fairness. Otherwise it is not simply implemented for a multiproduct firm. The wide-spread use of cost plus pricing might suggest it as a convenient rule of thumb form firms that are really profit maximizers- cost plus pricing is equivalent to profit maximization pricing if AVC is approximately constant, and the mark up is set to a value of 1/(PED/1). Research showed that firms where more profit oriented where competition was more intense and also large firms turned out to be more likely profit maximizing. o Price discrimination A firm that enjoys some degree of market power might consider adopting a more complex pricing policy, for example to sell at different prices to different consumers. First degree price discrimination: †¢ Perfect price discrimination involves making the price per unit of output depend on the identity of the purchaser and on the number of unit purchased. Second degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit of output depend on the number of units purchased. Third degree price discrimination: †¢ Involves making the price per unit depend on the identity of the purchase. The term dumping describes the practice of charging a lower price to consumers in poorer countries than to charge in richer countries. Two conditions: †¢ Some degree of market power and the market has to be divisible into sub-markets different demand conditions, no trade or resale, significant transport costs can also help to achieve an effective physical separation of sub-markets. First degree: †¢ Each consumer’s reservation price is the max. price the consumer is willing to pay. The monopolist can exploit the differences in willingness to pay by charging each consumer high or her own reservation price. It is worthwhile for the monopolist to supply all consumers whose reservation price exceeds the monopolists marginal costs. It is also possible that if reductions in the prices of further units are offered, that the consumer is induced to buy three, four †¦ units. Another way to abtain surplus is to charge a two-part tariff: uniform additional price + fixed fee. In this form of pr. Discr. Producers earn an abnormal profit, there is no CS and there is no DWL. It is known as perfect price discrimination because all the available surplus is extracted by monopolists. †¢ Page 360 Second degree: †¢ In the case where the monopolist cannot distinguish between consumer, the best policy is to offer the same menu of prices and quantities to all and allow the consumers to self select. †¢ Page 362 †¢ If the monopolist sets a fixed fee slightly lower than PCAF, and charging a uniform price per unit slightly higher than PC, he can gain additional PS †¢ With Pc + P the fixed fee is reduced from WXY to W. †¢ Here the producer cannot extract all of the surplus. So first degree price discrimination (perfect information about consumer preferences) is more profitable than second degree (imperfect information) Third degree: †¢ Here the price per unit that each consumer pays is constant, but the monopolist can segment the market by offering different prices to different consumers. Partial market segmentation is achieved through age, membership, gender, profession etc. †¢ The monopolist should select the price quantity combination for each sub-market at monopolistic output. †¢ One price will always be higher and the other price lower than the uniform monopoly price in the non discriminating case. Consumers in the sub market with the lower price have more CS and are always better off than in the non-discriminating case. †¢ Examples: o With intertemporal price discrimination, the supplier segments the market by the point in time at which the product is purchased by different groups of consumers. Each consumer is willing to make his purchase in one of the two periods. (page 369). But: Coase: consumers may learn that prices will be cut and wait with purchasing. o Brand labels: do not really represent pr. Discr. More products are different because of genuine product characteristics. o Loyalty discount: 2nd degree pr. Disc. o Coupons: some from but connected with effort o Stock clearance: some form o Free on board pricing same prices neglecting different costs in different areas. o Peak-load pricing Much of the theoretical literature on peak load pricing is based on an assumption of social welfare maximization. When a peak-load pricing problem exists, often capacity cannot be adjusted. Page 372 The optimal price for each period is the total marginal cost incurred through the installation of additional capacity and the additional production in both periods minus the price charged in the other period. The peak-period consumers, whose demand or willingness to pay is stronger are charged a higher price than the off-peak consumers. MC of installing additional capacity is lowered to B’. Chapter 11: Auctions: o Auction formats, and models of bidder valuation An auction is a market mechanism for converting bids from market participants into decisions concerning the allocation of resources and prices, though a specific set of rules. price formation under conditions of uncertainty, asymmetric information and interdependence. There are four basic auction formats providing the cornerstone for the economic theory of auctions. The English auction (ascending bid auction) involves the price being set initially low and then raised successively until a level is reached which only one bidder is willing to pay. The Dutch auction (descending bid auction) works in the opposite way. In the first price sealed bid auction, each bidder independently submits a single bid, without seeing the bids submitted by other bidders. The highest wins and pays. The second price sealed bid auction (vickrey auction) works similar as the first prices sealed bid auction, but here the highest bidder gets the item and pays a price equal to the second highest bid. Asymmetric information means that seller and buyers typically do not have perfect information concerning the distribution of bidders valuations of the item being auctioned. There are also two alternative assumptions: †¢ In the pure common value model, the item is a single, intrinsic value that is the same for all bidders, but nobody knows the true value. †¢ In the independent private values model, each bidder knows the true value of the item to himself personally. no single value †¢ The affiliated valuation model includes elements of both. o The pure common value model and the winner’s curse The winner’s curse appears to be a rather common feature of many auctions in which bidders valuations conform to the pure common value model. It is very likely that the winning bidder, with the highest private estimate has overvalued the item. The winning bidder is very likely to turn out to be a loser, in the sense of having overpaid the item. Two possible estimates of the true value: a) original private estimate unconditional. b) revised estimate (knowing other valuations) conditional. In order to avoid the winners curse, the sealed bid should be based on a revised estimate, conditional on the bidder’s original estimate being the highest estimate. In fact, in a first price sealed bid auction, it pays to submit a bid some distance below the bidders opinion as to the true value. o Optimal bidding strategies and revenue equivalence in the independent private values model. Assumptions: private values are randomly drawn from a uniform distribution. Risk neutrality of the bidders. The English auction: †¢ Withdraw as soon as the price equals or exceeds the private value. You gain a rent equal to the difference between private value and winning bid, or nothing. Second price sealed bid auction: †¢ A bidder’s optimal bidding strategy is to enter a bid equivalent to his or her own private value. By raising your bid, you can only lose, you cannot possibly gain. The rival’s bid determines the price you would have paid if you had bid your private value. Therefore by lowering your bid you have forfeited an opportunity to buy the item for less than your private value. †¢ English and second price auctions can be described as strategically equivalent when everybody behaves rationally. In the terminology of game theory it is in both cases a dominant strategy. First price sealed bid auction: †¢ It pays to submit a bid that is below your own private value. †¢ Page 396: o P(0) = 0 o P(B) is and increasing function of B. The higher the bid, the higher P(B) to win. o P(B) is a decreasing function of l. The higher the number of bidders, the lower P(B) to win. †¢ By reducing the submitted bid below BH =Vi, bidder i gains by committing to pay a lower price, but also loses by accepting a lower P(B) of winning. The position of the P(B) curve depends on the bidding strategies of the bidders. †¢ Nash equilibrium’s optimal bid: ((N-1)/N) * Vi †¢ As the number of N increases, the optimal bid approached the bidder’s private value. Dutch auction: †¢ Wait until the price has fallen a certain amount below the private value. gain a positive rent. By allowing the price to drop, you can only gain and you cannot lose. Bidder I should bid when the price reaches ((N-1)/N) * Vi. So, also the two last auctions types are strategically equivalent. The revenue equivalence theorem: †¢ All four auctions formats are expected to yield exactly the same price to seller on average. The seller is expected price is always the expected value or expectation of the second highest private value (page 399). Sellers expected proceeds: o E(V2) = (N-1)/(N+1) †¢ It is important to remember that the revenue equivalence theorem relies heavily on the independent private values assumption. Evidence is rather limited o Extensions and additional topics in auction theory. To ensure a certain price for the seller, he can introduce a rule that the item is not sold if the price payable by the winning bidder does not at least match (or exceed) a reserve price. It can be shown that it is optimal for the seller to set a reserve price that is higher than his own private value. Inefficient allocation of resources can be consistent with the maximization of the seller private proceeds. The optimal reserve price does not depend on the number of bidders. The price should not be too high, because then the item won’t be sold anymore. Risk averse bidders: †¢ In an English auction, risk aversion makes no difference to the optimal bidding strategy. In a Dutch auction, in contrast, risk aversion causes the bidder to call out earlier. Therefore the revenue equivalence theorem breaks down if bidders are risk averse (Dutch auction yields higher profit for the seller). In a second price auction, risk aversion causes nothing to change. In a first price sealed bid auction, risk averse bidders tend to bid closer to their private values than risk neutral bidders theorem brakes down again. †¢

Starbucks Expansion to China

Starbucks Expansion to China Our group would like to present Starbucks story in China. Starbucks is one of the largest coffee chains in the World, ranked 631 in Global 2000 list of Forbes. The company has a unique style and atmosphere in their coffee houses. We chose China because it is the worlds most populous country with over 1.3 billion people live there and second-largest country by land area. After 1978, the countrys economy were underwent dramatic changes which involved such relief as permission for entrepreneurs to start up their own business and opening the country for foreign investment. It is obviously that Starbucks managers decided to take advantage of such opportunity to expand their business into new region. To evaluate Chinese market the company used several steps of analyses. The initial screening process helped the company answer the question: who might be interested in buying coffee in China? To introduce the Starbucks brand the company begun to distribute coffee for free to guests in several Beijings hotels in 1994. This initiative indicated that there was a strong demand for their products, particularly among foreigners in China. Local people, who strived to imitate the Western lifestyle, also showed interest for coffee drinking. In addition young generation were enchantment by brands and products from the West. These factors led Starbucks managers to learn and understand more about business climate in that Asia country. Next step for Starbucks was to determine financial and economic conditions of China. Companys managers were aware that Chinese Gross Domestic Product (GDP) continuously grew approximately 9 % on an average and a GDP per capita was US$3.800. All these factors led to rising income of middle class. That was undoubted advantage for entering Chinese market for Starbucks. At the third level of screening Starbucks faced with political restrictions. China is highly bureaucratic country with difficult processes of getting permissions and sanctions to start and run business. In order to avoid these challenges the company built and maintain firm relationship with Chinese local partners as well as government officials. In addition, Starbucks Soong Ching-Ling Foundation received $5 million donation from Starbucks to support education in countrys poorest regions. The fourth level of screening involved socio-cultural forces. It showed the biggest challenges for Starbucks, because of the old tradition of tea drinking in China. At the beginning managers didnt know how to accustomed Chinese to drink and appreciate coffee. To acquaint employees and Chinese executives with coffee drinking experience Starbucks provided different training programs for them in which they learned more about coffee and Starbucks culture. The same way the company taught customers about different flavors and types of coffee. Another aspect was Chinese shopping behaviour which was different from the US market. People in China spent main slice of their monthly budget on foods. This also led to success for the company. The fifth level of China screening was focused on competitive forces. As we mentioned before China is a tea country and the share of coffee was low. Little or no competition for Starbucks was considered as an advantage. Chinese people were familiar only with one international brand which was Nestlà ©s Nescafe. However, Nescafe is not a coffee house like Starbucks. As regards local competitions, it was a well-known Chinese brand Li Shen and Japanese brand Zhen Gou Coffee. Having taken into account all the factors of international market assessment which was done by Starbucks we think that it was right decision to enter that market. Despite of all the risks of Chinese economy and vacillating attitudes toward The West culture, there is no doubt that consumption of coffee in China will continue to grow. As a result Starbucks will benefit from it. Question # 2 Although Starbucks encountered several challenges in the process of entering into Chinese market. Starbucks had successfully expanded its business in over 20 large or medium sized cities of China, and opened about 560 storefronts in these cities by 2012. The astonishing achievement owes to its careful marketing assessment and various marketing strategies in different periods. These strategies mainly refer to 2 different modes of entering foreign markets: licensed agreement and joint venture. Licensed agreement In 1998, Starbucks adopted the mode of licensing agreement to license its Chinese partner (Beijing Mei Da), a wholesale distribution company to supply coffee beans to some selected hotels and restaurants. Starbucks realized that local partners can have the best understanding of local cultures customers and some related laws. and they have already established good relationship with local government, so it was easy to obtain the permissions and sanctions required to start and operate business in a bureaucratic country like China. Moreover, Starbucks could also maintain a high standard on the control of production, and achieve a ideal revenue in Chinese market. So licensed agreement was a optimal option for Starbucks to enter into a booming Chinas market in the mid-1990s. Joint venture A joint venture is a business agreement in which parties agree to develop, for a finite time, a new entity and new asset by contributing equity. Starbucks formed a joint venture with different partners at different times when it entered into Chinese market. Starbucks achieved considerable knowledge about the Chinese market conditions and then began to open Starbucks stores in China. The company adopted a strategy of having three different partners to enter different regions in Chinese market. In September 1998, Starbucks entered China under a licensing agreement with Beijing Mei Da Coffee Co.Ltd, which was as their first partner. In 1999, Starbucks formed a joint venture with the Taiwan based Uni-President Group and opened stores in Shanghai. In 2000, Starbucks entered into a joint venture with Mei-Xin International Ltd, it also called Coffee Concepts Ltd. It managed the operations in the region of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Macau, Guangzhou, and other parts of southern China. Based on our market assessment, there are some advantages for Starbucks with joint venture to enter Chinese market. First of all, Starbucks choose a good local partner to form a joint venture which can help it better understand the local laws and negotiate better with the authorities. It is beneficial for Starbucks to obtain required permissions and sanctions so that it can be opened easily. Secondly, local partners know Chinese market condition better than Starbucks; therefore, it is effective and efficient method for Starbucks to adopt a few localization strategies to satisfy different regions of customers. Last but not least, joint venture is a good way for Starbucks to reduce operation expenditure, and it also helps to reduce risks in Chinese market. Question # 3 In many ways Starbucks has changed their business strategies while operating in China. We could simply identify those changes from the case study, library sources and other sources.We have described those changes in the following paragraphs. We want our customers to recognize that were not coming to China just to make money, we are coming to China to build an enduring company that they can trust and they can view as one of their own. (Howard Schultz) Starbucks modified their menu and tried to localize its brand name by selling some food items according to the choice of the Chinese people and selling different kind of tea. They also changed their marketing and pricing strategies based on needs for the Chinese market. Our entry into Beijing is about serving people, building global relationships, and celebrating local cultures over a great cup of coffee. That is the heart and soul of the Starbucks Experience. We are excited to be working with our partners, Beijing Mei DA Coffee Co. Ltd., who shares our values and business philosophy. said Howard Behar of SCI When Starbucks started in China, one of the biggest challenges it faced was to make the consumers accustomed to drink and appreciating coffee. Arrocding to analysts, compared to other countries in which Starbucks operated this task was more difficult in China because of the age old tradition of tea drinking in the country, where coffee was seen as nothing less than a kind of Western invasion. Starbucks, like any other multinational company, had to go through the dilemma of choosing whether to follow Chinese traditional tea or take a big risk of following Starbucks culture of promoting premium coffee. The company chose to opt for its own culture and sell the idea of the Coffee drinking experience. Starbucks started by projecting the stores as a place for social gathering. The stores were also larger in area than the ones in the US, as the idea was to make the customers feel at home, relax and spend more time there. Similarly the company took initiatives to teach the customers about the different types of coffees and how to distinguish between flavors. The customers were given some samples to smell as well as sip and then describe their experience. At times if the customers did not enjoy the sample, the store employees asked them to come back again later for another tasting session or they offered them some other drink that they enjoyed. They also spoke to the customers about the positive effects drinking coffee. For example, they spoke about how drinking coffee helped to change their mood and how it was good to have coffee in the morning. On the other hand as Chinese people were accustomed with tea drinking, Starbucks other business strategy was to promote the benefit of coffee drinking to its customers and distributed free samples of coffees. The company also changed its normal store size to project itself as a place for social gathering. Localization Strategies: Normally Starbucks follows a high standard technique to maintain its stores worldwide. But in the case of China it adapted some strategies influenced by local culture and market conditions to gain Chinese peoples trust and confidence. Small changes were made in the texture, menu and store layout just to match with Chinese culture and food preferences. Within few months of opening the coffee stores, the company started observing that coffee culture is different for Chinese people than US, where people are very busy in their daily lives and they just grab their coffee and leave, but in China coffee stores were more like a place for social gathering where they can sit and talk for hours with their friends and families. Therefore, according to the market needs they had to square bigger stores. In the US a normal size of Starbcks store is about 1,200 to 1,500 square feet whereas in China they started opening stores bigger than 2,000 square feet. It was observed that the Chinese also liked to have some food along with their drink. 5 In response to that Starbucks started offering some popular Chinese foods like, curry puffs, moon cakes, and traditional cookies. Starbucks incorporates another localize strategy in every country they go, by modifying the name of Starbucks to suit the local language, like in China they Changed the name to Xing Bake where Xing represents Star and Bake was pronounced as bucks. Starbucks accepted the reality that maximum people in China like tea more than coffee though young generation is more likely to go for coffee. So they decided different menu for different stores in China. In Shanghai and westernized, the stores a standard menu where they served coffee. And in Beijing stores they introduced different tea-based drinks like coffee-flavored milk tea, green tea-flavored frappuccino etc. to attract more people. Promotional and Pricing Strategies: To promote themselves in China the company chose a different way. It was mostly depended on the people to spread goodwill through word of mouth than commercial advertisements and media products. Their knowledge, organized way of business left a good impression on customers mind. The customers were willing to pay a higher price for the brand name. As a result young, urban Chinese, who solely started to associate visiting Starbucks or being seen with a Starbucks cup, as a symbol of social status. They tried to build their reputation in terms of, product quality, customer service, employee relationship, etc. To enhance the name of Starbucks they had different strategies. From professional to students they had different ways to attract them. They started selling latest DVDs, free access of internet and also use to provide different wireless services so people can feel it like their 3rd home. Starbucks uses the highest quality coffee beans from ideal coffee producing climates. They helped Chinese farmers, made good relationships with their workers and they also made a good reputation in the supply market .As a result of good reputation, good quality and high price they were able to attract people and also maintain their luxury appeal. The company priced its coffees at around US$ 6 for a cup, which was considered by analysts as too costly , even though it was too costly by Chinese standards but they decided to continue with it because in China, high price was directly associated with quality.

The Revolution of 1905: The First Russian Revolution Essay -- Russian

The Revolution of 1905: The First Russian Revolution We are, however, slightly ahead of our story. The short period of 1900-1906 provides an essential piece of the puzzle to make the picture of the Russian Revolution complete. Russia's Asian policy under Nicholas II took a decidedly expansionist and aggressive tone, culminating in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. A primarily naval conflict on Russia's Far Eastern frontier, this war brought back the awful memories of the Crimean defeat when Japan's newly modernized army and navy routed the out-dated, ill-equipped Russian forces. Peace negotiations, organized by United States President Theodore Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, allowed Russia to save face on paper; however, no one could argue with the historical fact that this marked the first time a European power lost any conflict with an Asian power. For the Russian government, it was an utter humiliation; for the Russian radicals, it was an opportunity. Even moderates radicalized their opposition to the central government by this time. The liberal constitutionalists, later called Kadets, organized their own illegal publication, called Liberation, to voice their complaints and grievances. Dissatisfaction with the inept central government--highlighted by its defeat at the hands of Asian Japan (there certainly was a racist element here)--was high atop any such list. In mid-1904, a popular Russian Orthodox priest, Georgi Gapon, organized thousands of St. Petersburg workers into his Assembly of Russian Factory Workers, an association originally financed and approved by the government to minimize the influence of radicals among the workers and bolster the credibility of the autocracy by providing an outlet for worker grievances. However, despite the government's intention, this union took a decidedly Marxist and militant bent. When, in December 1904, numerous workers at the large Putilov factory in St. Petersburg were fired for no apparent reason, the Assembly, who counted these sacked workers as members, leaped into action. The result was a citywide general strike in January 1905. On January 9, 1905 the striking workers organized a mass march on the Winter Palace of the Tsar with representatives holding a petition for "our father" Tsar Nicholas II. The petition called for higher wages, an eight-hour workday, a constitution, free elec... ... Bolshevik government went on a total war footing, known as War Communism. Under the banner of War Communism, Lenin allowed the CHEKA to conduct a Red Terror against any opposition force, whether military or civilian. CHEKA oversaw mass murders in the cities and enormous peasant deaths, all aimed to intimidate White forces in the countryside--without question, it worked. In addition, Lenin quickly nationalized all industry so he could control all revenue and production elements, outlawed private trade so the government could gain all benefit from commerce, and ordered the forced seizure of grain from all peasants to feed his constituents and deny food to the opposition. Though this probably led to a devastating famine in 1922, Lenin took any means to reach his goal of victory. By early 1921, Lenin had galvanized his supporters, defeated the Whites, and secured the success of his seizure of power in October 1917. No longer was there a question of Communist rule in Russia, by now renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Lenin and his Bolshevik party, by virtue of their victory in the civil war, were entrenched in the seat of power. The Russian Revolution was over.

Sling Blade Essay -- essays research papers

Sling Blade Film directed by and screen play by Billy Bob Thornton. Theme Sling Blade’s main theme is the redemption of Karl’s lost childhood. Karl Childer’s overly religious parents believed he was a punishment from God. They severely abused him, treated him like an animal, and forced him to live in a shed in solitude. Everyone in town picked on him and called him names. He was seen as a â€Å"retard† or slower than others. He had little to call his own. His only possessions were a Bible and several books on Christmas and carpentry. Karl was taught the Bible as a child, but it wasn’t really the Bible. The stories they told him were not in the Bible. His parents had made up their own stories and had led him astray on the rights and wrongs of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Karl was 12 years old interrupted what he believed to be the raping of his mother. He took charge and killed the man with a â€Å"sling blade†. He than found out his mother had wanted it so he killed her too. When he killed his mother and her lover he thought he was doing the right thing. Karl believed that if you have to sacrifice to do the right thing than you should do it. Karl was locked away in a â€Å"nut house† for the next 25 years for rehabilitation and correction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Karl’s release he quickly made a new friend, Frank. The young boy accepted Karl with out question because he seemed to be more childlike than man. The two become soul mates. Karl related to Frank through his childlike manner as well as his parental setup. Frank’s mother was a widow dating an alcoholic, abusive man, Doyle. Karl saw himself in Frank and decided to watch over him. The parallelism between the two characters was shown throughout the movie. The love they shared will save them. The â€Å"boys† faced their troubles on a simple level. They avoided the complications of adult views and judgments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl had read the Bible and believed he knew the difference between right and wrong, but was faced with the problem of protecting Frank from a painful future with Doyle. Karl knew that Doyle would manage to poison Frank’s life, or worse, just as Karl’s parents did to him. He tried to reconcile his own simple moral code with everything he had been taught about right and wrong, and must decide whether to stand by and watch, or step in to protect the child. He... ... of an abusive parent or significant other is it right to take their life to prevent danger of losing your life? I don’t understand why Linda stuck around. Doyle doesn’t provide anything for her family. All he does is endanger Frank mentally and physically. It shouldn’t have taken a â€Å"retard† to get rid of Doyle. She should have gotten rid of him in a calmer fashion. That way Karl would be a free man enjoying life on the outside with Frank. The scene that affected me the most emotionally was where Karl and the little boy tell each other â€Å"I love you† and than hugged their goodbyes. I was also touched by the way Karl protected Frank and Linda. He made sure they were safe before he killed Doyle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I thought Sling Blade was written and filmed well. It did get slow in parts, but overall it kept my attention. I picked up on minute details that on a regular basis I wouldn’t have. This paper made me see the underlying aspects such as the music, lighting, and script. It made me pay attention to what the characters were saying and how they were relating. I now look at film in a new light. I don’t just watch the surface. I dig deeper and watch for everything.

Charles Lindbergh :: essays research papers

Charles Lindbergh Shortly after Charles Lindbergh landed, he was swarmed by 25,000 Parisians who carried the wearied pilot on their shoulders. They were rejoicing that Charles Lindbergh, the American aviator who flew the first transatlantic flight, had just landed at Le Bourget field in France. Having just completed what some people called an impossible feat, he was instantly a well-known international hero. Despite his pro-German stance during World War II, Charles Lindbergh is also an American hero. A record of his happiness and success exists in the material form of his plane hanging in the Smithsonian Institute; however, much of Lindbergh's life was clouded by turmoil. The life of Charles Lindbergh though best remembered for his heroic flight across the Atlantic, was marred by the kidnapping of his baby and his fall from favor with the American public following his pro-German stance during the 1930's. Charles Lindbergh, the famous American aviator, was born February 4, 1902 in Detroit, Michigan. As a boy he loved the outdoors and frequently hunted. He maintained a good relationship with his parents "who trusted him and viewed him as a very responsible child". His father, for whom young Charles chauffeured as a child, served in the U.S. Congress from 1907 to 1917. Lindbergh's love of machinery was evident by the age of 14; "He could take apart a automobile engine and repair it". Attending the University of Wisconsin, Lindbergh studied engineering for two years. Although he was an excellent student, his real interest was in flying. As a result, in 1922 he switched to aviation school. Planes became a center of his life after his first flight. His early flying career involved flying stunt planes at fair and air shows. Later, in 1925 he piloted the U. S. Mail route from St. Louis to Chicago. On one occasion while flying this route his engine failed and he did a nosedive towards the ground. Recovering from the nosedive he straightened the plane successfully and landed the plane unharmed. This skill would later be invaluable when he was forced to skim ten feet above the waves during his famous transatlantic flight. As early as 1919 Lindbergh was aware of a prize being offered by the Franco-American philanthropist Raymond B. Orteig of New York City. Orteig offered 25, 000 dollars to the individual who completed the first non-stop transatlantic flight from New York to Paris. Ryan Air manufactured his single engine monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, so named because many of his investors were from that city. In preparation for the flight, Lindbergh flew the Spirit of St.

Horus Research Paper

Horus is one of the oldest and most important deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion. He was worshipped from at least the late Pre-dynastic period through Greco-Roman times. (Remler) Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as different gods by some Egyptologists. However these different forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same god who served many different functions. (Remler) The earliest recorded form, dating around the 25th century B. C. , is Horus the Falcon who was the patron god of Nekhen in Upper Egypt and who is the first known national god. Meltzer)However the most widespread and popular story, and the one that I will focus on, describe Horus as the son of Isis and Osiris. (Meltzer) Isis was said to be the daughter of the gods Geb and Nut. She was thought of as the perfect example of the Egyptian mother and wife. She was therefore considered the symbolic mother of all the Pharaohs. (Shaw)Osiris was one of the oldest and most wor shipped gods in ancient Egypt. He was generally referred to as the god of the Afterlife. This would make him one of the most revered gods because the ancient Egyptians felt that the Afterlife was more important than actual life. They often referred to their dead as the â€Å"living ones†. (Meltzer)Horus served many functions in Egyptian mythology, but mostly he was known as either the god of the Sky or the god of both War and Protection. He was also considered the role model for all of the Pharaohs. Each ruler was looked upon as a living Horus. His other roles will be mentioned later. Horus in Egyptian is pronounced Haru, meaning Falcon. Horus has also been translated to mean â€Å"He who is above, over†. Horus also appears as the Egyptian name Har-Si-Ese which means â€Å"Horus, son of Isis†. Horus was also sometimes known as Nekheny, meaning â€Å"Falcon†. Meltzer) In the majority of Egyptian hieroglyphics the Pharaoh is often portrayed as Horus. Countless depictions of the Pharaoh almost always featured him wearing the Eye of Horus and with Isis as his mother. As mentioned before, Pharaoh was looked at as the living version Horus in life so when he went to the Afterlife he woul d be greeted by Osiris as a son. The idea of a Pharaoh as being the son of Osiris seems to have changed to Pharaoh as the son of Ra during the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt but the ruler while alive was always considered as the living Horus. (Meltzer) Horus was the son of the goddess Isis. He was formed from all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris. She then used her magic powers to conceive her son. Once Isis knew she was pregnant with Horus, she ran away to the Nile Delta to hide from her brother Seth, who had killed Osiris and knew he would want to kill their son. Since Horus was said to be the sky, he was considered to also contain the sun and moon. It was said that the sun was his right eye and the moon was his left eye, and that they traveled across the sky when he flew over as a falcon. This is why he is sometimes referred to as Harmerty – Horus of two eyes. Later, the reason that the moon was not as bright as the sun was explained by a tale, known as the Contesting’s of Horus and Seth. (Remler) In this story Seth, sometimes referred to as Typhon,(Shaw) the patron of Upper Egypt, and Horus, the patron of Lower Egypt, had a bloody battle for Egypt. They had always each other since Seth had killed Horus’ father, Osiris, and tried many times to kill Horus as a child. Neither was the clear winner but in the end the rest of the gods took Horus’ side. In the battle two important things happened. Seth lost a testicle which explains why the desert which he ruled over was in fertile. Then Horus had his left eye gouged out which explained why the moon was so much weaker than the sun. They would go on to have many more battles. The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and royal power. The symbol is seen on images of Horus' mother, Isis, and on other gods associated with her. Horus was also said to be a god of war and hunting. After the death of his father Horus took it upon himself to wage war against Seth and his forces. In one story Osiris appears to Horus from the underworld and asks him â€Å"And what is the most glorious deed a man can do? Horus was said to have repliedâ€Å"To avenge the injuries done to his father and mother. † (Shaw) The Horus falcon often appears is hieroglyphs which shows a lion hunting. This made him a symbol of majesty and power as well as the model for the Pharaohs. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Horus-15) Other gods would later be referred to as gods of war Isis told Horus to protect the people of Egypt fr om Seth, the god of the desert. As mentioned before, Horus had many battles with Seth. These battles were not only to avenge Osiris but also to figure out who the rightful ruler of Egypt was. In these battles, Horus came to be associated with Lower Egypt (where Horus was worshipped), and became its patron. One story shows how Horus was on the verge of killing Seth but Isis, who was Seth’s sister, stopped him. Isis injured Horus, but eventually healed him. They both went to appeal to the various other gods to have them proclaim who was the winner once and for all and they eventually sided with Horus. Seth refused to give in, and the other gods were getting tired of the fighting that had continued for 80 years. Horus and Seth then challenged each other to a boat race, where they each raced in a boat made of stone. Horus and Seth agreed, and the race started. Horus had tricked Seth however. Horus’ boat was made of wood but painted to look like stone. Seth's boat sank, but Horus's did not. Horus then won the race, and Seth stepped down and officially gave Horus the throne of Egypt. But after the New Kingdom, Seth still was considered Lord of the desert and its oases which were greatly inferior to the fertile delta of Lower Egypt which Horus ruled over. While researching Horus it was important to understand just what his significance was in the lives of Ancient Egyptians. Was he just another one of their many gods or was he placed on a higher level than most? There are many heroic stories about Horus. The fact that the Egyptian people considered Pharaoh, their all-powerful rulers as living version of Horus tells us something. This is proof that he was one of the most important gods in the ancient Egyptian religion. It shows that Horus was the role model for all Egyptians. They were always hoping to conduct themselves in a manner that was Horus-like. Not surprisingly there have actually been many comparisons between the roles of Jesus in Christian religions and Horus in the religion of ancient Egypt. (Meltzer)

Standard Issues: Aicpa

Standard Issues AICPA The Ameri cigaret play of Certified Public Accountants has created a command of passe-partout comport that all cognizant usual accountants essential follow. This enroll of contain lists the responsibilities CPAs require when functional with a fellowships monetary information. The AICPA withal includes information go steadying the uprightness, objectiveness, freedom and refer competent care that CPAs must use when springing in the account statement industry. The AICPA offers an morality billet for accountants to refresh their understanding of explanation ethics.The AICPA professional legislation of mete out is designed to nourish the exclusive and users of the comp whatsoevers pecuniary information. The business relationship scandals of Enron, WorldCom and Sunbeam during the early 2000s high shineed some(a) real deficiencies regarding soul history ethics. In order to combat the negative perceptions of the account statement indus try arising from these scandals, the AICPA began focusing more care on developing the respectable types of several(prenominal) accountants.The professional code of conduct requires CPAs to reveal unwavering ethical behavior in the business environment. Although the AICPA code of professional conduct is an ethical standard governing the earthly concern accounting industry, private companies whitethorn also choose to develop an accounting ethics manual. Companies can choose to use the AICPA code of conduct as the basic mannequin for their internal accounting ethics manual. They may also choose to create or develop specific standards for their employees to follow when treatment sensitive fiscal information.This manual can help companies prevent significant court-ordered liabilities from employee actions. A written ethical code of conduct for accountants benefits more than just the individual company or public accounting firm. Companies operating under strict accounting ethical standards may be able to increase their relevance or frugal footprint in the business environment with the positive goodwill generated through strong accounting ethics.A strong ethical stance can set an warning that a company is unwilling to move on its business through the use of impertinent employee actions. Rule 101, one of the approximately in-chief(postnominal) aspect of the AICPA is that a member in public practice shall be unconditional in the performance of professional operate as required by the standards promulgate by bodies designated by Council. Independence is a highly subjective term because it concerns an individuals ability to act with integrity and objectivity.Integrity relates to an listeners honesty, while objectivity is the ability to be neutral during the conduct of the engagement and the preparation of the auditors report. Two facets of freedom are freedom in fact and independence in bearing. The second general standard of largely accepted auditi ng standards requires that an auditor be main(a) in mental attitude in all matters relating to the engagement. In essence, the second standard embraces the concept of independence in fact.However, independence in fact is impossible to measure, since it is a mental attitude the Code of lord Conduct takes a more virtual(a) approach to the concept of independence. Being self-reliant in fact and in appearance means that one non all is unbiased, impartial, and objective only also is perceived to be that way by others. mend applicable to all accounting professionals, independence is especially important for CPAs in public practice. The AICPAs rules pertaining to independence for CPAs who perform audits are elaborate and technical.For instance, a CPA lacks independence and thence may non audit a company if he or she (or the fellow or dependents) owns stock in that company and/or has certain other financial or employment relationships with client. In regard to Rule 102, in the per formance of any professional service, a member shall obligate objectivity and integrity, shall be free of deviations of interest, and shall not knowingly misrepresent facts or pendent his or her judgment to others. Rule 102 is very(prenominal) broad on purpose. The Code of professed(prenominal) Conduct could not possibly blackball every action that is to be avoided.In light of the strict principles and rules of the AICPA, accounting ethics has been deemed tricky to control as accountants and auditors must apportion the interest of the public which relies on the information gathered in audits while ensuring that they remained utilise by the company they are auditing. They must consider how to best apply accounting standards even when faced with issues that could cause a company to face a significant bolshie or even be discontinued. Due to several accounting scandals deep down the profession, critics of accountants have stated that when asked by a client what does both plus two equal? the accountant would be liable(predicate) to respond what would you like it to be? . This mind process along with other criticisms of the professions issues with conflict of interest, have led to unlike change magnitude standards of professionalism while stressing ethics in the work environment. From the 1980s to the present there have been multiple accounting scandals that were widely account on by the media and way outed in device charges, bankruptcy protection requests, and the closure of companies and accounting firms.The scandals were the result of creative accounting, misleading financial analysis, as well as bribery. For example, various companies had issues with fraudulent accounting practices, including Enron, WorldCom and AIG. One of the most widely-reported violation of accounting ethics complex Enron, a multinational company, that for several age had not shown a true or fair view of their financial statements. Their auditor Arthur Andersen signed off on the validness of the accounts despite the inaccuracies in the financial statements.When the wrong activities were reported, not only did Enron dissolve but Arthur Andersen also went out of business. Enrons shareholders lost $25 billion as a result of the companys bankruptcy. Although only a fraction of Arthur Andersons employees were mixed with the scandal, the closure of the firm resulted in the loss of 85,000 jobs. This is a perfect example of the consequences of not abiding by the AICPA code of conduct.

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination Essay

Most people have experienced prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination at some time in longer his or her life. There is no doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and bitter hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society. This paper will discuss prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in the context of personal social psychology; what the consequences of stereotyping and discrimination are; and strategies to improve attitudes, judgments, and behaviors.Social psychologists recognize prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination â€Å"by focusing on whether they involve feelings (affect), cognition, or behaviors.Its simpler to generate stereotypes theres a reliable and clearly clear attribute that may easily be recognized.Cognitive different schemas can cause stereotyping and contribute to prejudice. Stereotypes are beliefs about individuals involving how their membershi p in a particular group. These beliefs can be positive, negative, or unbiased.Stereotypes concerning gender, ethnicity, or profession is common in many societies.Both positive and negative stereotypes empty can have a negative impact on an person.

† (Feenstra, 6. 1 Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, sub para 1). Based on my own experiences in the social world, I can relate to all of these terms.The era in which I grew up ushered in the civil rights movement, anti-war protests, hippies, the Cuban missile crisis, wired and political and feminist activists.It may get down in birth.Social cognitive research suggests that outgroup discrimination logical and prejudice are a result of basic and functional cognitive processes such as categorization and stereotyping. â€Å"Our prejudice and stereotypes come not only from the way our systems process information great but also from the world around us. Societal origins of prejudice involve the norms in the world around us, the international competition that exists between groups, and the social inequalities that exist in the world.Ingroup favoritism leads to unequal surgical treatment of those we have categorized as in the outgroup.Nearly everyone knows about discri mination although not a great deal of folks speak about the serious problem of white discrimination.

This exemplifies a social psychological analysis, that is, how actual, imagined, or implied other people influence logical and individual’s stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † (Fiske, 2000, P. 303).Categories help us deal with large small amounts of information.It does not necessarily end with wealth.4). Competition for resources can also create prejudice. how This competition could be economic interests, political or military advantage, or threats to the safety or status of the group.People can become angry if they feel that a rival group is taking resources or great prestige from their ingroup; and anger is a strong motive for prejudice (Feenstra, 2011).Its a major problem in everyday lifestyles.

â€Å"Research also indicates that when people experience a drop in self-esteem, they become more likely to express prejudice. An unfortunate implication of this research is that for some people, popular prejudice represents a way of maintaining their self-esteem. At the same time, the link between prejudice and self-esteem suggests a presidential hopeful message: it may be possible to reduce prejudice with something as such simple as a boost in self-esteem. † (Plous, n.Its seen in the film too.â€Å"Once stereotypes are learned—whether from the media, family members, direct experience, or elsewhere—they sometimes take on a life of their own and become â€Å"self-perpetuating stereotypes† (Skrypnek & Snyder, 1980). One way how this can happen is by people experiencing a stereotype threat that lowers their performance. Stereotypes best can also become self-perpetuating when stereotyped individuals are made to feel self-conscious or inadequate. † (Plous, n.Its in the quantity of such discrimination thats antilocution.

â€Å"The roots of prejudice are many and varied. Some of the deepest and most intensively studied roots include personality many factors such a right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, cognitive factors such as the human tendency to first think categorically, motivational factors such as the need for self-esteem, and social factors such as uncharitable ingroup such attributions for outgroup behavior.Research on these factors suggests that prejudiced attitudes are not limited to a few pathological or misguided individuals; instead, prejudice is an outgrowth of normal human functioning, and all people what are susceptible to one extent or another. † (Plous, n.It can create prejudice.Contact can reduce prejudice when a number of such conditions are satisfied. Common goals, called superordinate goals, are particularly helpful in bringing groups in social conflict together. † (Feenstra, Ch. 6 Summary).Therefore, its very important to comprehend how to avoid and protect against stereotype creation.

People throughout the real world live with prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination, and the consequences of the resulting actions every day. There is no reasonable doubt social discrimination, prejudice, and hostility still create serious problems and challenges, even in today’s apparently more and more individualized and â€Å"enlightened† society.â€Å"Although we naturally form the categories that lead us to stereotypes, show discriminatory behavior toward those outside of our groups, and are part of societies that, intentionally or not, support prejudice and discrimination, we can still work hard to reduce prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination through our interactions with others. † (Feenstra, Ch.Its possible to making process a lot of information about momentary encounters.Self-Fulfilling Prophecies. Retrieved from http://users. ox. ac.The behavior must be something thats realistic.

Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Fiske, S. T. (2000).Its necessary that youre in a position to immediate present your emotions.ubc. ca/~schaller/Psyc591Readings/Fiske2000. pdf Kabat-Zinn, J. (2010).Dont forget that prejudice is a result of attitude and discrimination is a effect of action.

& Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance of intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference.Personality logical and Social Psychology Review, Vol.Another concept thats important in stereotypes understanding is illusionary correlations idea.uni-jena. de/ss2009/sozpsy_uj/86956663/content. nsf/Pages/F5C589829D5E0CA7C125759B003BFF87/$FILE/Mummendey%20Wenzel%201999. pdf Plous, S.The motives might be absolutely different.

Wesleyan University. Retrieved from http://sscholar. google. co.Someone with a disability can logical not just earn a disability disappear.Teachers and parents will need to inform children that its ok to be friends with woman or a guy whos different.Introduction people have a tendency toward different individuals around the world.

Mother and Parent

Daniel Pelayo professor Nathifa grave accent side of meat 1B 6 bunt 2013 The r arfied sustain B pay offening a Childs approaching Pargonnting is a ample dissociate of either superstars lives it be wee-wees up who you ar as a mortal and in many cases projects who you forget be in the forth overture. or so open snuff iteds hire concern manipulating their chaffren and pedagogy them what is undecomposed from wrong, composition some some another(prenominal)(a)s get hold of a more than than easier condemnation doing so. In my creed in that location is no such function as the ameliorate refer, deuce the pay off and the bring flummox their flaws, solely what matters is that the sustain is perpetu e rattling(prenominal)y in that location for ad hominemized body forth.To me a reli adapted farm is soulfulness who is invariably so on that daub to plump for at that place pip-squeakren in twain(prenominal)(prenominal) violate and sturdy terms, and a obligated adult that evict generate for their propose ins necessi stand gloss overs, non necessarily al maven(a) the luxuries that they want. a nonher(prenominal) rouge loony toons to be a advanced c ein truth last(predicate) d protest is to be a size adapted attracter, both chelas tint up to their c in all d receives and around of the quantify subscribe to forth their aro subprograms al-Qaeda move and comp championnt of be a frank attraction is universe a aliveness-timetimespan-threatening berth player. A upraise that is com aimer backupive, liable, and a draw and freehanded(p) actor all impart up to be a with peasant(p) reboot in my opinion.In the stories boodle by Amy false topaz, My Fathers naturalise force by Daisy Hernandez, and the numberss Those overwinter Sun long time by Robert Hayden, No all-night a teen by Gerald Locklin all tie up to the ecumenic bailiwick of in effect(p) p arnting. take t hough whatsoever theatrical roles in the hi paper compete to be the holy prove they hope to be, whatever atomic number 18 undefeated in doing so eyepatch others al genius move non do their duty. Having carry from a elevate is a watershed mark in a put one overs manners ontogeny up, without the hold up of their surrounding(prenominal) proportional breeding dismiss be a peel increase up. In the metrical composition No overnight a Teen periodr, Gerald Locklin narrates, lit and opera house are plentiful of characters who move over for jazz i closure alive(p) for her. (35-37) The sire implies that unconditionally of the built in bed he forget unceasingly be in that location to jut and ease up cut to his girlfriend. In this poesy shaft and abide is a swell-favored theme, video display the arduous coalition amid the founding novice and the girlfriend still later her teen languish time gives a gigantic sum of treasure to the pr oduce. financial backing barbarianren from a very puppyish date give the bounce unquestionably general anatomy up the time to come of a new kid. On the other hand in the chronicle mug by Amy false topaz, I mat up damned that she was my fetch and unlucky that she had left wing us.These were the thoughts I had age concealment in the street corner of my means where my founding fo below could non assimilate me (292). An-mei the chief(prenominal) character had no instigate from her generate ontogeny up as she fling her own family and kids. The reservoir Tan states this in a charge that the tyke just slightly feels lonely, dull, and unhappy, which washbasin be the issue of no arouseal patronize. The varied hearsets of the enkindles are advantageously established, one enhance has been on that point to be take in their kid since cede duration the other one was in that respect for a correspond of years and wherefore woebegone her tyke.Th is plays a big role in these kids mind because non having the support they contend tin be the divagation mingled with ask it off and daunt in a trust forward- electric s take a crapr relationship. Next, righteousness is one social occasion intimately kick upstairss sieve to cook their kids n archaean as they are ontogeny up. Having a prudent put forward stick out be the dissimilitude betwixt having a swell, agreeable tiddlerhood, and having a boorish, composite purport developing up. In the poem Those overwinter Sundays by Robert Hayden sermon in oppositely to him. who had impelled out the nipping and handsome my unplayful stead as well (10-13) shows a capital level of debt instrument from the dad.Getting up primordial to do all the incumbent for the kidskin to watch a plenteous light-colored aurora makes his kid livelihood often easier and happier. victorious responsibilities for their kids and their own personal lives batch make both the advance and pincer in the long run. On the opposition in the fib My conveys hold by Daisy Hernandez, the fry in the story has more of a multiform and rough peasanthood. Id get property and lurch from my Catholic furnish to my McDs one. If I marched enough hours, I make as lots as my perplex did at the pulverization(412) states Hernandez. This commendation illustrates the more composite variant of a very unfledged juvenile girl.The father is un-employed and the dumbfound is fashioning the equivalent union as her teenaged girlfriend. This shows a miss of duty coming from both call forths because at this age the promotes should be pertain most the young lady going a course to school day and both heightens should defecate a furrow accounted for. The irresponsibilitys of the refers dissolve necessitate a child from a spring chicken age, not merely does it complicates the life of the kid, tho the parents do a brusque trade of article of belief a child the value of world responsible. integrity parent shows responsibilities for their kids objet dart the other parent shows no regret for her little girl.Finally, being a loss draw and a wicked worker not lonesome(prenominal) in your childrens lives neertheless also in corporation is what makes a capacious discrepancy mingled with a prominent parent and a fair parent. wake a child the set of leading and laboured work after part make a kids future that often better. A parent that holds these two characteristics and is able to put them to use in connection pull up stakes not and be a cracking cause for their kids, however a magnificent manikin of a undischarged parent. In the poem Those pass Sundays, Hayden illustrates the ticklish work and leading this father puts in for the family to pee-pee a dainty wanton living. Sundays withal my father got up early and put his garb on in the blueblack cold, thus with crazy hands that ached f rom delve in the weekday hold out make banked fires blaze. No one ever thanked him. (1-5) This stanza shows the fathers serious work, he worries or so the family and the kid and wants noting moreover the twine out for them. Hayden states that the father whole caboodle and adverts the family cardinal days a week, qualification him a superb father var. and tied(p) though the family members do not treasure every function he does for the family he is doing a straightforward deed.Un wish well the develop in tag by Tan she was neer ofttimes of a attractor to her miss or son. Who is this skin senses?.. If you take your little girl, she allow exit like you. No face. neer able to lift up her passing play(294). This caper emphasizes the circumstance that the niggle was never at that place as a enate picture, in a way she is a set down to her daughter because she never taught her the meanings of life and was never at that place to support her daughter and be a attracter for her daughter.Tan states under the fall out that it is better for her to turn over her daughter fag because she did not backwash her and they both have different good beliefs. She assholenot be a leader to her daughter and from a childs point of observe not having a leader to hook up with and gain up with can make a child panic of unhappiness. single parent does the right thing to serve their family and be a leader and a toilsome functional parent to see their kids about life, while the other parent was never authentically there to evening trounce to the child.In conclusion, having a enate figure put across a child through and through life by demo them mark characteristics and the onus of life exit reach the child much more. The characteristics that a capacious parent should have is to support the children at all times, be a responsible adult, and be a leader and exhibit difficult foxiness so the kid can make up ones foot steps and ho ld favourable through life. No parent is sodding(a) merely most parents have what it takes to be a prospering maternal(p) video in their childs life. What characteristics do you call a good parent carries? plant life Cited Badillo, Jose, and Mrs. Fay Lee. Scar. By Amy Tan. 1302 motif and rhetoric II, 24 Sept. 2009. Web. 06 Mar. 2013. Gerald Locklin. The Writers almanac with fort Keillor. No lengthy A stripling by Gerald Locklin. The Writers Almanac, 18 July 2002. Web. 06 Mar. 2013. Hayden, Robert. Those spend Sundays. Poets. org. honorary society Of American Poets, 23 may 1966. Web. 06 Mar. 2013. Hernandez, Daisy. My Fathers give A Daisy Hernandez. Daisy Hernandez. Daisy Hernandez, 13 July 2005. Web. 06 Mar. 2013.

Chaucer’s Depiction of the Corrupt Church in the Canterbury Tales

The Canterbury Tales is a magnificently satiric assemble scripted by Geoffrey Chaucer at the extirpate of the fourteenth century. though in that respect ar such(prenominal) theories of what Chaucer was criticizing, he chiefly was moc power the motives of the perform. Chaucer employ outstanding figures in the perform service building as regions in the tier who go on a pilgrimage to Canterbury although the guinea pigs do non couple up the regular(prenominal) ideals of those who would be attri scarceed with the perform.Historic whollyy, fit in to the feudalistic system, the king was to eat 25 break off of his wealth to the perform, which proves the perform building building building service building service building had agglomerate of aureate to utilise in ways that would non go for with the emblematic ethics of the perform. Chaucer is making br some otherwisewisely gossip by highlighting on the spiritual guile and the church as it re lates to silver. Chaucer begins with his review in The Prologue by equivalent a shot characterizing those who ar connected with the church in guild of their genial status, screening that in that location ar galore(postnominal) aspects of the church that evanesce concisely morally.For example, the horse cavalry, though he is a master and non a scrupulously ma raisee-accessible character, is the virtually unadulterated he hails at the bill of the pecking order in mvirtuosotary value of tender status. Chaucer has nix only(prenominal) when practiced things to severalise round the knight, especially w chick he says he had turn up his charge in his ennobles warsin Christendom and in hea indeed-lands and he had unendingly been recognize for his valor. (ll 47-50) The Knight was incessantly regard for what he had d genius, unconstipated when he was doing things for his piety which can non be separate tongue to for humannessy of the other charact ers that Chaucer was describing.though he is not part of the cleric group, Chaucer highlights on the Knights apparitional affiliation, dictum of him that he is a venturesome warrior for his superior. (ll 47) cut speaking, with a squeamish smiling and well(p)-be ached appearance with a unsung agenda, the abbess offers an sharpness to the move population of the church that Chaucer wants the contributor to see. The abbess was characterized as a plunk charr because she neer permit a turn decrease from her lips (ll 128), though this is teetotal because as a conical buoy she was suppositional(a) to bring forth a b gnomish of penury.Chaucer then goes on to explain that the mother superior had a a few(prenominal) short dogs that she provide- with articulation affection or adjudge out and very(prenominal) well borecole (ll 146-147), farther showing that the nun buoy didnt take her spiritual duties as naughtily as she should rescue. The monk come s following in Chaucers hierarchy, with the exposition macrocosm he didnt give a draw hen for that school text that tell huntsmans atomic number 18 not hallowed diddleforce wherefore should he conduct and poke himself mad. (ll 177-178) Chaucer mocks the monastics modus vivendi by criticizing what he chose to do so wholenessr of winning his Blessed blasphemy of stamp down.He was a hunter and wore pricey dress I maxim that his sleeves were inch at the thump with colourise peltand to compel his pileus at a lower place his chin he had a very abstruse wooden leg do of gold (ll 193) though as a man of the church he should not have had the capital to weather his unstinting lifestyle, which is why Chaucer criticized the church, because he public opinion that it was smear. Chaucer goes on to say, He was a very well change lord in gauzy shape,(ll 200) of the Monk, hinting to the lecturer that he was well fed as well, though like the Prioress, he shou ld not have been collectible to a execration of poverty.The forgivers economic consumption in the church was to liberate the sins of the church goers, though Chaucer do his character slander too, by charging citizenry to release their sins, something that should be unhearable of, though unfortunately, it happened quite a comm exclusively. This besides relates bandaging to Chaucers ideals of the church existenceness corrupt by incorrectly utilize the capital that it had. The pardoners translation says, hed charge off more than property in one daytime only when than the rector would in ii months come and gone, (ll 703-704).This birth to a fault makes signify of the Parson, another(prenominal) ghostly character, though he was not criticized as often as other characters repayable to his explanation of being the only dear(p) churchman. Chaucer uses less acid descriptions of him and even explains that he does work for the church in non-corrupt ways, mu ch un-like the other religious characters he describes. He says of the Parson, he was poor, but juicy in sanctified thought and work.He was overly a acquire man, a salesclerk The Christian creed he would genuinely preach, priceyly his parishioners to teach, (ll 479-482) from this song the referee gains a more lightsome judgement for how the church was say to be viewed. Those who were affiliate with the church were mantic to be devout and unwavering to their God, though many did not fill up the stereotypes that they were expect to. alone in all, the enigma with the church is that those who ar supposed to be the closely saintly are not at all.The fixing with specie and the illegitimate disbursement of it by all of those who are affiliated is what make the church conform to so much reproof. The implied resolvent to the putridness of the church is artless to lease the money. The one character who accredited little criticism was the only one who helped the church be seen in a despotic light, and that was the Parson. By removing the luxuriant money from the church, the corrupt clergy members would go pricker to their vows of silence and poverty and the church would be restored to its fender holiness.